Oiri-kwekurasira nyika: nhoroondo uye modernity

Oiri-kwekurasira nyika vaiva munhau zvoupfumi kwenguva refu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakore 80-90 remakore rechi19 reEurope musika peturu zvigadzirwa nengarava kubva US (zvakanaka Pennsylvania, akazarura muna 1859) uye Russia (munda kuna Absheron Peninsula, kutanga kukura muna 1848).

kubva kare

Pamusoro pokumuka Baku, apo mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka nokuda risiti mari, muna 1875 vekwaNobel dzakasvika ane guru guru dzakatangwa. Paiva akavaka mapaipi mafuta, kugadzira zvirimwa. kwematangi dzakatangwa, izvo zvaifanira Export mafuta kune dzimwe nyika (muna 1877).

Hatigoni kutaura kuti nyika kwekurasira mafuta-apo zvakasimba vaikwikwidzana nemumwe, sezvo mafuta Russian panguva kutengeswa 50% kupfuura yakatsvuka zvokuvakisa America uye Peru (Lima). Muna 1883, pamusika yeRussian Empire yakavharwa zvachose kubva US mafuta zvigadzirwa, uye Hala munda vakatanga kutamba, kwete chete zveupfumi asiwo enyika basa.

kutanga kurwa

Mushure pakutanga vakawanda pakatanga mafuta motokari anova chinokosha mbishi mashoko iri kare emakore anoverengeka dzinorwiwa munyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika. Izvi imhaka yokuti guru, simba simba (the US, Germany, France, Japan, China) havana reserves yakakura yavo. Naizvozvo, chinhu kwavo zvechiuto uye enyika chivande vari munyika kwekurasira mafuta-dzomutambo zviwanikwa.

Matambudziko okuwana pamusoro nemararamiro

kazhinji Status kare kunobva noukama dzavo United States. Somuenzaniso, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar uye United Arab Emirates kungobudirira, kunyange shanu chete emakore akapfuura, pamberi kuwanikwa zvinokosha zvinhu, raiva shure zvikuru mamiriro. Mafuta gasi kunze kwenyika (kuchitendero Japan uye US) akabvumira kuti asike ari dzisinganayi okunze Saudi Arabia muhomwe "paradhiso pasi pano", kurera mureza mupenyu vemo. Panyaya iyi, nemamiriro ose bhajeti renyika mari kubva pakutengeswa epetroleum zvigadzirwa pamusana anenge 90%. In Angola, apo pane matsime eoiri, pane yakakwirira kwazvo dziine zvoupfumi kukura, pamwe mharidzo kodzero kukura makuru deposits inoitwa muLondon uye New York.

Vasina kuvimbika kuna chikuru mumiririri kunyika kwekurasira mafuta-dzokuMadokero zvenyika, nekusiyana, vari pasi zveupfumi zvirango, uto Kurwisa (Iran, Iraq, Venezuela).

Kuwedzera Munyika idzi, exporters mafuta vari munyika dzakadai Algeria, Nigeria, Mexico, Canada, Norway, Russia uye United Kingdom. The yokupedzisira haana zvinokosha matura siyana zvicherwa, asi yakanga yawanikwa guru mumatanda ose marasha uye mafuta (muGungwa North) akabvumira England kuumba maindasitiri nzvimbo yokutanga.

Petroleum kwekurasira Countries vane reserves mafuta zvakasiyana. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti remasangano vavo kusimbiswa Venezuela (anenge 21 muzana), achiteverwa Saudi Arabia (anenge 19 muzana), Iran, Iraq nevamwe. Russian Federation pazvinhu izvi panzvimbo rechinomwe pamwe 5%, ukuwo mwero yaunodya rwokuzvarwa zvinhu zvinoratidza kuti muna makumi maviri (uye nyika panguva paavhareji-matatu namashanu) kuchengetera chicherwa zvinhu anogona yekudyidzana kwezvinoshandiswa.