Chii senitrogen? Misa senitrogen. senitrogen morekuru

The non-esimbi che rechi15 boka [Va] Periodic Table - senitrogen atomu 2 iyo zvinobatana kuti aumbe morekuru - Hauoneki, odorless uye shata gasi vanoumba chikamu chikuru Nyika muchadenga uye inova chikamu zvose zvipenyu zvose.

History yakawanikwa

Nitrogen gasi munenge 4/5 enyika yakapoteredza. Zvakange voga mukutanga Air Research. Muna 1772, Swedish Himik Karl Wilhelm Scheele kutanga kuratidza kuti senitrogen yakadaro. Maererano naye, mhepo musanganiswa magasi vaviri, mumwe yaakakudanirai "moto mhepo", kureva kutsigira combustion, uye vamwe - .. "Wakaipa mhepo" nokuti inoramba pashure yokutanga vapera. Ndivo vaiva okisijeni uye senitrogen. Around iyoyo senitrogen kwave voga nokuda wokuScotland nyanzvi Daniel Rutherford, uyo yakatanga kubudiswa ake vawana, uyewo British kemisiti Henry Cavendish uye mufundisi British uye musayendisiti Dzhozefom Pristli, uyo aizofara Scheele ndiro rine chokwadi kuwanikwa okisijeni. Uyezve ongororo dzakaratidza kuti gasi itsva ndiyo chikamu nitrate kana potassium nitrate (KNO _3), uye, naizvozvovo, akanzi ane senitrogen ( "kubereka saltpeter") nokuda kemisiti French Chaptal muna 1790 Nitrogen yakatanga anonzi makemikari zvinhu Lavoisier, ane tsananguro basa okisijeni iri combustion disproved ari phlogiston dzidziso - rakakurumbira XVIII remakore. zvisizvo combustion. Nekusagona uyu kwemakemikari chaikosha kutsigira upenyu (muchiGiriki ζωή) chaiva chikonzero kuti Lavoisier ainzi senitrogen gasi.

The chidzoke uye kupararira

Chii senitrogen? Maererano nokuwanda zvine maatomu akafanana, iye rakava wechitanhatu. chadenga The Earth kuna 75,51% zvakayerwa uye 78,09% kubudikidza inzwi rinoumbwa chinhu uye chinhu chikuru chinokonzera kuti indasitiri. The chadenga rinewo shoma amoniya uye Ammonium munyu, uyewo senitrogen oxides uye nitric acid, yakaumbwa panguva mabhanan'ana uye munyika combustion injini. Free senitrogen rinowanikwa meteorites zhinji, kuputika uye angu gasi uye vamwe chicherwa namatsime, zuva, nyeredzi uye nebulae.

Nitrogen inowanikwawo chicherwa deposits kuti potassium uye yavaibvisa nitrate, asi kusangana zvinodiwa nevanhu zvakakwana. Chimwe zvinhu zvakawanda maatomu akafanana izvi guano, iyo inogona kuwanikwa nemakomba, apo yakawanda zviremwaremwa, kana dzakaoma dzinowanzoendwa shiri. Uyewo, senitrogen iri huri mvura uye ivhu riri muchimiro amoniya uye Ammonium munyu, uye gungwa nemvura muchimiro Ammonium ions (NH ₄ ^+), nitrite (NO ₂ ^-) uye nitrate (NO ₃ ^-). Avhareji anenge 16% kunzwisisa Organic yeimwe zvakadai mapuroteni, varipo mune zvose zvipenyu. The dzinongoitika kugutsikana panyika nechepasi iri 0.3 zvikamu kubudikidza 1000. yokupararira muchadenga - kubva 3 kusvika 7 maatomu muzana nesilicon atomu.

The weupombwe runobereka kunyika senitrogen (sezvo amoniya) iri pakutanga XXI remakore, vaiva India, Russia, United States, Trinidad Zimbabwe, Ukraine.

Commercial kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa

Industrial kugadzirwa senitrogen chakavakirwa fractional DISTILLATION pamusoro liquefied mhepo. Its Kubika tembiricha akaenzana -195,8 ° C, 13 ° C kuvatumwa kuti okisijeni, saka ndiko akaparadzaniswa. Nitrogen zvinogonawo kubudiswa pamwero kubudikidza combustion kuti kabhoni kana Mahydrocarbon mudenga uye mekuparadzanisa zvichizoita carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura kubva residual senitrogen. In chikero duku yakaisvonaka senitrogen iri zvinoberekwa muchidziisa azide barium Ba (N _{3) 2.} Laboratory maitiro zvinosanganisira muchidziisa mhinduro ine Ammonium nitrite (NH ₄ NO _2), asi oxidation kuti amoniya ane aqueous bromine mhinduro kana nenharo mhangura oxide :

• NH ₄ ^{+ +} NO ₂ ^- → N ₂ + 2h ₂ O.
• 8NH ₃ + 3Br ₂ → N ₂ + 6NH ₄ ^{+ +} 6Br ^-.
• 2NH ₃ + 3CuO → N ₂ + 3 ₂ Haiwa + 3Cu.

Zvokuvamba senitrogen anogona kushandiswa inert ezvinhu nokuda Zvinoitwa anoda achisiya okisijeni uye unyoro. Rinoshandiswa uye mvura senitrogen. Rehydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, okisijeni, fluorine, uye - chete venhumbi, kana achibika pfungwa senitrogen hakusi yakasimba crystalline mamiriro.

In makemikari indasitiri, ichi chinhu makemikari rinoshandiswa kudzivirira oxidation kana zvimwe spoilage, somunhu inert diluent, munhu reactive gasi kubvisa kupisa kana makemikari, uyewo moto kana kuputika inhibitor. Yaigadzira zvokudya, senitrogen gasi inoshandiswa kudzivirira spoilage, uye nemvura - nokuti Ndinoda-kuomesa uye kutonhora enyika. In magetsi indasitiri gasi kunodzivisa oxidation nezvimwe nemakemikari, pressurizes kuti waya mumuhara uye chinodzivirira Motors. In simbi, senitrogen inoshandiswa nomoto uye brazing, kudzivisa oxidation, carburization, uye decarburization. Sezvo akaneta gasi rinoshandiswa kweShanduro rabha porous, mapurasitiki uye elastomers, zvinoita ndipiyona propellant mu aerosol magaba, uye pave nevamwe nemvura mafuta jets. In mushonga, nokukurumidza nechando mura senitrogen inoshandiswa kuchengeta ropa, mumwongo zvinyama, mabhakitiriya uye dzisingaoneki. Iye akawana kushanda mu cryogenic tsvakurudzo.

kubatana

Vazhinji senitrogen rinoshandiswa zvaAtemisi makemikari. The chisungo nekatatu pakati maatomu ari chinhu rwakasimba chaizvo (226 kcal pa nhuta kuvakuru kaviri kupfuura samolecular rehydrogen), kuti senitrogen morekuru kashoma anopinda dzimwe yeimwe.

Huru maindasitiri nzira Kuda kutamba maatomu akafanana ndizvo Haber-Bosch muitiro nokuda kwetunhu amoniya yakatanga muHondo Yenyika II, Germany kuderedza kuvimba ari Chilean nitrate. Rinosanganisira zvakananga kwetunhu NH ₃ - Hauoneki gasi ane kunzwa, kunovhiringidza kwakanaka - zvakananga kubva zvinhu zvayo.

Vazhinji amoniya iri kutendeukira nitric asidhi (HNO _3), uye nitrates - munyu uye esters pamusoro nitric acid, pasoda dota (Na ₂ CO _3), hydrazine (N ₂ H ₄₎ - Hauoneki mvura senzira propellant, uye vakawanda maindasitiri pezvakaitwa.

Nitric asidhi ndiwo mamwe makuru vezvokutengeserana namakemikari remubatanidzwa wenyika maatomu akafanana. Hauoneki, zvikuru kungatikanganisa mvura inoshandiswa pagadzirwe fetiraiza, madhayi, zvinodhaka uye zvinoputika. Ammonium nitrate (NH ₄ NO ₃₎ - munyu amoniya uye nitric asidhi - ndicho chinoumba senitrogen fetiraiza.

Okisijeni + senitrogen

C unoumba dzinotevedzana okisijeni, senitrogen oxides, r. H. nitrous oxide (N ₂ O), pazviri akaenzana Valence pamusoro +1 oxide (NO) (+2) uye yakasviba (NO ₂₎ (4). Vazhinji kwazvo akadaro senitrogen oxides; ndivo zvinotisimbisa chikuru kusvibiswa mumhepo. Nitrous oxide, aizivikanwawo kuseka gasi, dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa sechinhu rufimbi. Kana inhaled, kwahunokonzera munyoro chemaneka. Nitric oxide ikasakendenga nokukurumidza chete reokisijeni kuti aumbe shava yakasviba zvenguva chigadzirwa iri kugadzirwa nitric asidhi uye simba oxidant kwemakemikari pezvakaitwa uye propellant.

Also kushandiswa dzimwe nitrides inoumbwa nesimbi aine senitrogen remubatanidzwa panguva yakakwirira tembiricha. Nitrides pamusoro Boron, titanium, zirconium uye tantalum vane chinokosha kushanda. Imwe crystalline chimiro Boron nitride (BN) Somuenzaniso, hazvina muduku nedhaimani pane noukukutu uye oxidized saka zvakaipa kushandiswa mukuru-hasha.

Inorganic cyanides ane CN boka ^-. Rehydrogen cyanide kana hydrocyanic iine acid HCN, ndizvo chaizvo kugadzikana uye zvikuru hunokachidza gasi iro rakashandiswa fumigation kuwanda esimbi mune mamwe maindasitiri kwendangariro. Cyanogen (CN) ₂ rinoshandiswa sezvo makemikari zvenguva uye nokuda fumigation.

Azides vari yeimwe ane boka matatu senitrogen maatomu -N _3. Vazhinji vacho kusagadzikana uye anenge zvikuru ukapisa murwi. Vamwe vavo, akadai mutobvu azide, Pb (N _{3) 2,} anoshandiswa detonators uye primers. Azides, kufanana halogens, nyore kushamwaridzana nevamwe zvinhu vaite muzvizhinji kuti yeimwe.

Nitrogen mutezo anoverengeka zviuru Organic yeimwe. Vazhinji vavo zvinobviswa amoniya, rehydrogen cyanide, cyanogen, nitrous kana nitric acid. Amines, amino acids, amides Somuenzaniso, zvinobva amoniya kana kufanana nawo. Nitroglycerine uye nitrocellulose - nitric esters. Nitrite rakagadzirirwa kubva nitrous asidhi (HNO _2). Purines uye alkaloids vari heterocyclic yeimwe umo senitrogen unotsiva mumwe kana kupfuura kabhoni maatomu.

Properties nezviito

Chii senitrogen? Iri Hauoneki, odorless gasi kuti condenses pa -195,8 ° C, Hauoneki, pasi viscosity mvura. Eremendi ariko muchimiro N ₂ mamorekuru, anomirirwa muchimiro: N ::: N:, umo chisungo simba akaenzana 226 Kcal muzana Chidembo, wechipiri chete carbon monoxide (256 kilocalories muzana nhuta). Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kuti activation nesimba samolecular senitrogen chaizvo, saka chaiye ezvinhu ari chinhu achiri inert. Uyewo, zvikuru kugadzikana senitrogen Morekuru zvinobatsira zvikuru kuti thermodynamic kusagadzikana vazhinji senitrogen yeimwe, umo kubatana, kunyange kana simba zvakakwana, asi akaderera Ukama samolecular senitrogen.

Tichishandisa ichangopfuura, uye mano senitrogen mamorekuru ndisingafungidziri yakawanikwa kushanda ligands kuti dzakaoma yeimwe. Kuongorora kuti chinetso pane ruthenium zvivako vanogona kupinza mumhepo senitrogen kwakatungamirira chii chinogona nokukurumidza kuwanikwa nyore uye nani nzira kugadzira ari chinhu.

Active senitrogen chingawanikwa kupfuura pasi kumanikidzwa gasi kuburikidza mukuru-voltage yemagetsi buditsa. The chigadzirwa ndiyo rinopenya uye zvakawanda nyore zvaanoita pane samolecular, mabhomba rehydrogen, sarufa, phosphorous uye nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana, uye zvakare anokwanisa decomposing NO kuna N ₂ uye O _2.

A kunyatsonzwisisa zviri senitrogen, kunogona kuwanikwa nokuda kwayo yemagetsi nechivako chine chimiro 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p. Five kwokunze Erekitironi anoshongwa ugofukidza nokuchengeta zvishoma, zvichiguma aitarisira kunobudirira yenyukireya vainzwa munzvimbo yacho covalent nharaunda. Nitrogen maatomu vari zviduku uye vane refu electronegativity, iri pakati kabhoni neokisijeni. E configuration zvinosanganisira matatu zvokunze hafu-orbitals, ichiita kuti aumbe covalent zvisungo zvitatu. Naizvozvo, kuti senitrogen atomu anofanira zvikuru yakakwirira reactivity, achiumba zvimwe zvinhu wakatsiga binary yeimwe, kunyanya kana vamwe maatomu akafanana zviri substantially zvakasiyana electronegativity, rinopa inokosha polarity kubatana. Kana chimwe chinhu electronegativity nechepazasi polarity vasiyana senitrogen Atomu zvishomanana kunaka muripo, izvo inosunungura ayo unshared maerekitironi kubatanidzwa Kufambisa kusungwa. Kana chimwe chinhu kupfuura electronegative senitrogen zvishomanana zvakanaka kupomera substantially ichikutadzisa anyatsoronga ehupfumi yacho Morekuru. Yakaderera polarity nokuda nokuda electronegativity anoenzanirana chimwe chinhu, vakawanda kutaurirana kuikunda kuroorwa. Kana mabhomba saizi mismatch kunodzivisa paumbwe zvisungo akawanda kuti vanoumba chete chisungo kungangova tichishandisa simba, uye kubatana zviri kugadzikana.

Analytical kemesitiri

Kazhinji chikamu senitrogen ari gasi musanganiswa inogona tsunga nokuyera vhoriyamu rayo pashure Absorção de Água nezvimwe zvinoumba makemikari reagents. The manyowa pamusoro sulfuric asidhi pamberi nemekiyuri nitrate anosunungura nitric oxide, izvo kuyerwa sezvo gasi. Nitrogen iri vakasunungurwa kubva Organic yeimwe pavanenge inopiswa pamusoro oxide mhangura, vakasununguka senitrogen anogona kuyerwa kuva gasi mushure Absorção de Água vamwe combustion zvigadzirwa. A aizivikanwa Kjeldahl nzira nokuda kutsunga zvinhu vaiona pano Organic yeimwe kunoratidzwa decomposing mukomboni pamwe kuramba sulfuric asidhi (optionally tune nemekiyuri kana ayo oxide, uye munyu siyana). Nokudaro senitrogen iri vatendeukira Ammonium sulfate. Chakawedzera yavaibvisa hydroxide zvabudiswa amoniya, izvo inounganidzwa kubudikidza kwakajairika asidhi; ari residual uwandu unreacted asidhi ari ipapo pakutsvaga titration.

Biological uye vasiri kukosha

Basa senitrogen panyaya mhenyu kunoratidza vasiri basa Organic yeimwe. Most zvipenyu havagoni kushandisa ichi kwemakemikari chaikosha pachayo inofanira kuwana ayo yeimwe. Naizvozvo, senitrogen Kuda kutamba kunokosha. Zvakasikwa, ichi chinoitika somugumisiro maviri pezvakaitwa zvinokosha. Imwe mugumisiro zvemagetsi simba kune mhepo, kuitira kuti senitrogen uye okisijeni mamorekuru dissociate, vachibvumira vakasununguka maatomu kuumbika NO uye NO _2. Yakasviba ipapo zvaanoita nemvura: 3NO ₂ + H ₂ Haiwa → 2HNO ₃ + NO.

HNO ₃ unoparara uye anouya Earth kubva mvura muchimiro simba rinodhaka. Pakupedzisira asidhi anova chikamu kukabatanidzwa ivhu senitrogen riri neutralized kuumbika nitrites uye nitrates. Zviri N iri kukudziridzwa nevhu kazhinji akapora kuburikidza pakusangana ine nitrates uye Ammonium munyu. Kuruka mhuka uye zvinomera uye manyowa yavo anodzoka munhu senitrogen remubatanidzwa muvhu uye mhepo.

Chimwe chikuru dzinongoitika kutara kwacho kunokosha basa bhinzi. Nokuda symbiosis pamwe utachiona, tsika idzi vanokwanisa rokutendeutsa mumhepo senitrogen zvakananga kunyika yayo yeimwe. Vamwe tupukanana tusingaoneki, vakadai Azotobacter Chroococcum uye Clostridium pasteurianum, vanokwanisa kugadzirisa pachake N. kwavo

gasi pacharo, ari inert, hakukuvadzi, kunze kana navanofemereka pasi kufurirwa, uye unoparara muropa uye mamwe muviri zvinwiwa pa dzakakwirira kuwanda. Izvi zvinokonzera zvinodhaka zvazviri, uye kana kumanikidzwa ipfupi zvakare nokukurumidza, zvakawandisa senitrogen anosunungurwa sezvo gasi matema kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera marwadzo mune tsandanyama uye mapfundo, kufenda, kukwana rutivi rwomuviri uye kunyange rufu. Zviratidzo izvi zvinonzi decompression kurwara. Naizvozvo, avo vakanga vari kumanikidzwa kufema mhepo mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro anofanira kunonoka kwazvo kudzibatsira kuti zvakajairika zvakawandisa senitrogen kunze kuburikidza mumapapu pasina paumbwe matema. A nzira nani kushandisa nemhepo vasanganise okisijeni nehelium. Nehelium iri ndoda soluble mu dzomumuviri, uye ngozi kunoderedza.

isotopes

Nitrogen iripo sezvo vaviri akatsiga isotopes ¹⁴ N (99,63%) uye ¹⁵ N (0,37%). Vanogona kuparadzaniswa nemakemikari mukutsinhana kana chafariz diffusion. senitrogen uremu muchimiro chakagadzirwa radioactive isotope ari siyana 10-13 uye 16-24. Akatsiga zvikuru hafu youpenyu maminitsi 10. transmutation yenyukireya artificially vakafurira yokutanga yakaitwa muna 1919 maererano British yefizikisi Ernest Rutherford, izvo bombarding senitrogen-14 Alpha-inoramba vakawana neerekitironi-17 okisijeni uye protons.

ehupfumi

Pakupedzisira nyora dzinokosha ehupfumi kuti senitrogen:

• Mabhomba nhamba: 7.
• Mabhomba kurema senitrogen: 14,0067.
• Utsotso pfungwa: -209,86 ° C.
• Kubika pfungwa: -195,8 ° C.
• Density (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 1,2506 magiramu ose senitrogen pa fő.
• Kwakajairika oxidation ezvinhu -3, +3, +5.
• Erekitironi configuration: 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2p.