Chii rehydrogen chisungo? The mhando aaiitawo

Chii rehydrogen chisungo? All anozivikanwa muenzaniso ikoku ndiko vanhuwo mvura (H2O). Nokuti kuti yakachena atomu (O) zvakawanda electronegative pane maviri rehydrogen atomu (H), simba racho rose ringakweva yakafanana hydrogen maatomu Bonding maerekitironi. Pokugadzwa yakadaro covalent polar chisungo kuumbwa dipole. Okisijeni atomu anowana haana guru chaizvo akaipa mutariri uye hydrogen maatomu - yakanaka kupomera duku, izvo mwoyo maerekitironi (ari oga peya kwavo) pamusoro bhodhoro atomu pedyo H2O mamorekuru (i.e., mvura). Saka, tinogona kutaura kuti hydrogen chisungo - nzira simba kukwezvana pakati hydrogen atomu uye electronegative atomu. Chinokosha hydrogen atomu ndechokuti tichisunga dzaro kukwezvana pamusoro maerekitironi zvinova pachena chinoumba (i.e., hwepurotoni, hapana zvimwe maerekitironi kudzivirirwa). Kunyange zvazvo hydrogen chisungo riri simba kupfuura covalent, kuti rinoita nhevedzano yose anomalous zvivako zviri H2O (mvura).

Kakawanda, chisungo ichi chakaumbwa pamwe maatomu anotevera zvinhu: okisijeni (O), senitrogen (N) uye fluorine (F). Izvi zvinoitika nokuti maatomu pane zvinhu izvi zviri mupfupi uye vane yakakwirira electronegativity. C maatomu zvikuru saizi (S sarufa kana kuiisa chlorine Cl) anoumba rehydrogen chisungo riri simba, pasinei nokuti kubudikidza electronegativity kwavo zvinhu izvi zviri akafanana N (i.e. senitrogen).

Kune mhando mbiri rehydrogen kusungwa:

1. rehydrogen intermolecular chisungo - kunoitika pakati mamorekuru maviri, somuenzaniso: methanol, amoniya, rehydrogen fluoride.
2. intramolecular rehydrogen chisungo - kunoitika mukati chete Morekuru, akadai 2-nitrophenol.

Uyewo zvino akatenda kuti hydrogen zvemakemikari chisungo simba uye simba. Vakasiyana mumwe mune simba uye chisungo urefu (kure pakati maatomu):

1. rehydrogen zvisungo simba. Energy - 10-30 KJ / mol, chisungo pakureba - 30. Zvose zvinhu pamusoro apa mienzaniso dzose kana simba rehydrogen chisungo.
2. rehydrogen zvisungo vane simba. Energy - 400 KJ / mol, urefu - 23-24. Data yaunganidzwa kwacho, anoratidza kuti zvisungo simba vari achiumbwa zvinotevera ions: imwe Ion-vodoroddiftorid [FHF] -, Ion-hydrated hydroxide [HO-H-OH] -, Ion oxonium hydrated [H2O-H-OH2] + uyewo siyana zvimwe Organic uye inorganic yeimwe.

Zvinoitwa rehydrogen-Linking

Anomalous tsika iri kufashaira pfungwa uye kubvunda enthalpies ose vaporization uye pamusoro kukakavadzana mamwe yeimwe anogona kunzi pakuvapo rehydrogen kusungwa. Mvura ine anomalous tsika zvivako izvi zvose, rehydrogen fluoride uye amoniya - achibika pfungwa uye kunyunguduka. Water uye rehydrogen fluoride mu yakasimba uye mvura inoti nokuda pamberi mavari rehydrogen intermolecular zvisungo vanoonekwa kuti polymerized. ukama ino inotsanangura kwete chete kukwirira utsotso tembiricha izvi zvinhu, asiwo avo vakaderera arambe achirema. Pakazoti pamusoro kubvunda rehydrogen chisungo zvishomanana collapses, nokuda izvo mvura mamorekuru (H2O) vari kugara zvikuru dzine.

The dimerization zvimwe zvinhu (carboxylic acid, semuenzaniso, benzoic uye acetic acid) inogona kutsanangurwa nokuvapo rehydrogen chokuedza. Dimer - mamorekuru maviri kuti zvinesungano pamwechete. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, carboxylic acids kufashaira pfungwa dzakakwirira kupfuura yeimwe vane dzinenge chete samolecular uremu. Somuenzaniso, acetic asidhi (CH3COOH) kubika tembiricha iri 391 K, apo acetone (CH3COCH3), ndizvo 329 K.

Zvinoitwa rehydrogen intramolecular zvisungo

ukama uhwu chinobata marongerwo uye zvivako-siyana yeimwe, dzakadai 2- uye 4-nitrophenol. Asi chinonyanya akakurumbira uye chinokosha muenzaniso hydrogen chisungo - a deoxyribonucleic asidhi (abbr: DNA.). Izvi Morekuru asidhi akapeta kuva kaviri akamonyoroka, ivo tambo mbiri ayo interconnected nokuda rehydrogen zvisungo.