Tsinga shiri. Tsinga shiri rakasiyana tsinga nezvinokambaira?

Shiri ndivo kupfuura boka pakati vertebrates. Ndivo nevakawanda zvinhu zvipenyu zvose yedu, uye kunyange achizogaramo zvimwe zvikamu Antarctica. Chii sechivako tsinga uye kutsinga dzinouya zvomukati shiri? Chii maitiro avo? Tsinga shiri rakasiyana tsinga nezvinokambaira?

kirasi Birds

Shiri - kupfuura zvakasiyana-siyana uye vakawanda boka vertebrates. Zvakasikwa, yavanobata basa rinokosha sezvo tateguru cheni zvokudya. Shiri kudya zvipembenene, uye ivo, akavapindurawo, zvokudya pamusoro mhuka. Mukuwedzera, vanokosha mabasa evanhu - vari akaberekwa nokuda kwavo nyama, mazai, minhenga, mafuta.

Kune zvinopfuura 10,500 siyana shiri ano uye vanenge 20.300 subspecies. 789 howa dzakazara Russia. The chikuru chinoratidza mukirasi iyi pamberi mapapiro empennage, anofukidza muviri mhuka. Nzira huru chokufambisa vakawanda kwemarudzi nendege, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe mapapiro havaiti basa iri.

Kugona nendege vakafungisisa kwokunze uye dzimwe zviratidzo, izvo ane boka Birds. Tsinga, zvomudumbu uye kufema nhengo dzakasiyana mamiriro kubva dzimwe mhuka. Somuenzaniso, vane mhando mbiri mweya, simba muviri uye gasi exchange.

Zvakakurukurwa sechivako tsinga iri shiri

Kazhinji tsinga ine tsinga iri munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri, uyewo kubva kumativi akasiyana-siyana uropi. Zvivako zvose izvi pamwe pedyo mumwe. Dzinomirira imwe mashandiro chete kuti anoita kushanda zvose hurongwa muviri uye ndiye anokonzera pakupindura mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kwezvakatipoteredza.

Mitumbi tsinga iri shiri vanoumba musimboti tsinga (uropi uye musana) uye peripheral zvikamu (tsinga, tsinga uropi uye musana). Sechivako uropi ane zvakafanana ne vertebrates, kunyange zvazvo zvimwe kusiyanisa nayo yekudyidzana.

Sechivako tsinga uye kutsinga dzinouya zvomukati shiri manzwiro chokuita zvakananga basa ravo. Shiri vane pfungwa nepakati uye kufambisa, zvakakodzera zvakanaka kuti kubhururuka. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvakakwana achifambisa mudenga.

howa Most kufura Mobile chikafu. Kana zviri zvipembenene, hove, nemakonzo kana zvinokambaira, minhenga zvinokosha kufamba nzvimbo uye vane chiono zvakaisvonaka, kunzwa uye kuita nokukurumidza. Zviremera anokonzera mabasa iwayo, mune shiri yakanakisisa.

pfungwa

More zana apfuura zvakanzi vaidavira kuti shiri havasi vanokwanisa remapazi dzakaoma. Ludwig Edinger akaisa mberi dzidziso kuti uropi dzavo kuti basal ganglia, izvo basa zvaisazogona uye nyore mabasa. Gare gare Zvakazoitika kuti tsinga shiri chaizvo rakafanana munhu.

Largest uropi Dhipatimendi iri hunoita nhengo nhatu. Inoitwa hemispheres maviri ane mvere pamusoro, akazadzwa subcortical nuclei. Ivo ndivo spatial wezwi, maitiro, kuberekesana, vachidya. Hemispheres vari chokuita cerebellum zvakakwana guru, iro anodzora Kufambisa.

Medulla chikamu uropi hunde. Dhipatimendi Izvi anokonzera zvinokosha mabasa upenyu shiri: .. Blood kuparadzirwa, afemeruke, kugaya, etc. The midbrain zvakanaka yakatanga, inoitwa mirwi miviri, izvo basa processing auditory uye kuona mashoko.

Shiri vane guru pituitary shwanu, asi avo pineal shwanu uye midbrain zviri underdeveloped. Total tsinga cranial - 12 nomwe, asi regumi hwemvura anosiiwa zvishoma regumi.

musana

The nechepakati tsinga shiri kunosanganisirawo musana. Kubva uropi inokamukana conditionally. Inside payo pane mhango kana centre ndima. Pamusoro musana runochengetedzwa membranes matatu - zvinyoronyoro, arachnoid uye yakasimba, kubva nechepakati gwara anoparadzanisa zvavo cerebrospinal mvura.

Munguva lumbar nepfudzi kumatunhu ari musana rwonzi shiri ine zvishomanana thickening. Pano mariri diverge tsinga kuti chokuita kumberi uye hadzi nemakumbo. Saka kuumbwa pelvic uye brachial plexus.

Munguva lumbar nharaunda muzinda chiteshi ane rakawedzerwa rhombus buri, izvo kufukidza connective tishu mumuhara. Mapazi lumbar uye brachial plexus musana anokonzera basa nhengo maoko nemakumbo.

Kusiyana zvinokambaira

makirasi Vose dzakakwirira vertebrates, uye pamusoro sechivako shiri tsinga kupfuura dzakafanana nezvinokambaira. Zvisinei, pane zvinokosha kusiyana pakati pavo. Tsinga shiri rakasiyana tsinga nezvinokambaira?

Neshiri zvinokambaira vane zvikamu uropi. Musiyano kuchengetwa kukura madhipatimendi izvi, izvo chokuita yakasiyana mararamiro emhuka. Zvinokambaira vane 12 yegwara tsinga pakukoka kubva uropi, uye avo musana ane thickening iri pamapfudzi uye lumbar nomuzongoza.

Tsinga kweshiri musiyano kushandisa kukura kwouropi, riri kumusoro zvikuru kupfuura pfungwa nezvinokambaira. kurema yake 0.05-0.09% (kurema) mu ratites uye 0,2-8% kubva vamiririri zvinobhururuka shiri. Nemakwati hunoita nhengo nhatu shiri vakasara kana zvako kanomirira. Zvinokambaira Zviri dzakabudirira nani nokuda panowanikwa pasikarudzi hwunonhuhwira.

In shiri, dzepabonde kunhuhwidza haisi uyewo kunyatsobudirira kunhuhwidza kwazvo zvakaipa chaizvo, kunze kwezvisikwa kuti zvokudya nyama. Vose makirasi chinokosha inorwara hunoita nhengo nhatu mitsetse miviri akaumba nechepasi pasi. Ndivo mhosva kuongorora uye kupindura kuuya ruzivo.

pfungwa

Muduku-dzakabudirira pfungwa shiri - kunhuwidza uye kuravira. mhando Most zvakaoma kusiyanisa munhuhwi, kunze pazvikara, yakadai American magora. Food manakiro rinotsanangura kunaka namabukira, izvo riri mujinga rurimi uye mukanwa. Special zvinodiwa ivo, sezvo zvokudya kumboda chete yakamedza.

Tactile receptors dziri munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Ivo mhuru Grande, Herbst kana Merkel. Mune mamwe marudzi, ivo riri pedo nhandare minhenga hombe paganda, uyewo mayo cere the. Namazizi nokuti ichi pane chinokosha minhenga pamusoro muromo, mune waders uye duck receptors anowanikwa shaya midziyo, remaparrot - parurimi.

Best Shiri dzose dzakabudirira kuona uye kunzwa. nzeve dzavo akafukidzwa neminhenga, uye muuye pfupi pamusoro nzeve. Zvinosanganisira yomukati, pakati dzokunze nzeve primordia. The aikanganiswa ruzha vari nani kupfuura mhuka dzakawanda. In namazizi, salaganov, oilbirds anokwanisa echolocation. Dzakabudirira labyrinth womukati nzeve inopa shiri rakaisvonaka pfungwa mwero.

Shiri dzine yakapinza monocular chiratidzo (binocular Kosi and). Vamwe vanokwanisa kuona kure mumwe kiromita. Meso vane flattened chimiro uye yakafara muchidimbu. Vane basa, saka shiri kazhinji kuti dhipuroya musoro wake. Mune dzimwe mhando, pakona rimwe nemaonero 360 inegumi. The the retina ikasakendenga kunyange ultraviolet chiedza, uye kusanduka izvo kunoita kuti uone kunyange pasi mvura.

ruzivo

Panguva yacho kare shiri vakaratidza kugona kubata nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, kuti Masvomhu uye kuva okusika. Vanokwanisa kuchengeta uye kutamba shure ruzha siyana uye mashoko evanhu kutaura.

Zvinodiwa zvavo shiri kazhinji vanoshandisa zvinhu sezvo midziyo. Somuenzaniso, imwe duku kwakavharwa nenyama tsotso vanogona kuwana Zvipembenene ari nemakwati miti. Woody vanodzungunyika anoshandisa ava zvinangwa spines ose cacti uye vamwe vakadzidza kuti maturusi avo pachavo.

Shiri nokukurumidza zvakakwana zvinoenderana zvakatipoteredza. Somuenzaniso, tits vakadzidza hatch mumakomba lids Bhodhoro mukaka, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kupfura navo. Species kuti zvokudya pamusoro hove, dzimwe nguva mudziva dziva wenhema kukwezva kukwezva zvakatapwa.

Makunguo kakawanda kukanda mupengo pasi, chero bedzi haadimbuki. Makondo nechikonzero ichochi akamutsa yakakwirira mudenga hamba sokuti zvakachengeteka zvakavigwa goko. Vamwe shiri kuputsa goko kugadzirwa, kukanda matombo aro.

mhedziso

Shiri vane zvakawanda dzakabudirira tsinga sezvo ichienzaniswa nezvinokambaira. Uropi yakakura kukura, izvo zvinoita kuti mabasa zvikuru kunzwisisa, kuti pave kunzwisisa siyana maitiro uye kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana.

Tsinga shiri ine uropi, musana, uye gumi yegwara tsinga. Well dzakabudirira mberi, pakati mativi uropi uye cerebellum, iyo chokuita zvikurukuru mano shiri dzibhururuke.

Vane kwazvo kunzwa uye pake. Vari kusiyaniswa kwete chete yaizivikanwa kwatiri ruvara, asi chiedza ultraviolet, uye vamwe vane kugona echolocation. Ravirai uye kunhuwidza vari chaizvo havaratidzi yakatanga. Isa tactile receptors iri dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri, zvichienderana mhando.