Chimiro uye pfungwa yemutemo wemhosva weRussian Federation

Imwe yematavi anotungamirira emitemo mune chero nyika ndeye mutemo wemhosva. Zvose zvayo zvinogadziriswa, zvakarongedzwa uye zvinoratidzwa muCriminal Code yeRussian Federation. Zvadaro, tinofunga pfungwa, zvinangwa nemitemo yemutemo wezvakaipa, maitiro emabasa avo, pamwe nemibvunzo yekududzira. Kuti aratidze kukosha kwenyaya yacho, zvinokwana kutaura kuti ndiyo chete inopa mitemo yepamutemo uye pamutemo wayo chete munhu anogona kuwanikwa ane mhosva yekuita chiito chechivi (chiito kana kusakonzera) uye achida kurangwa.

Icho chirevo chemutemo wemhosva

Asati ataura tsanangudzo yakadaro, zvakakosha kuziva nguva inokosha. Mutemo chii? Tsanangudzo dzinogona kugadziriswa zvakanyanya, asi dzose dzinopisa pasi kune zvikamu zvitatu: nhaka yepamusoro pemasimba emutemo, normative uye kugamuchirwa chete nehurumende inomiririra masimba emasimba. Kufambira mberi kubva pane izvi, zvinobvira kupa tsanangudzo yakakwana. Mutemo ndeye chiitiko chinokosha chemuviri wezvemitemo, wakagamuchirwa muhutano chaihwo, ane simba repamutemo rinopfuura rose, ane chinangwa chekutonga hukama hunokosha uye hunokosha munzanga.

Iyo pfungwa uye zvikamu zvemurairo wemhosva zvakafanana. Zvisinei, vane humwe ruzivo rwemabhizimusi. Nheyo dzayo dzinodzika hutsika hutsika, dzinopa tsanangudzo yezviito zvinogona kuonekwa sechisimba, kuranga chirango kune avo vanoita zvakaipa.

Mutemo upi zvake, kwete imwe chete uye mhombwe, ane chikonzero chepamutemo - ndiyo Mutemo wenyika.

Basic principles

Maererano nemitemo yemhosva (nenyaya 3-7), mitemo mikuru mitanhatu inotsanangurwa. Kutanga, kutonga kwemutemo. Kuipa kwechimwe chiito kana kukanganisa, kurangwa nemigumisiro (mhosva) -mutemo) inongororwa chete neCriminal Code yeRussian Federation, kushandiswa kwechirevo hakugamuchirwi. Chechipiri, kuenzana kwevagari vese vari mukutarisana nemutemo, pasinei nehutano, chizvarwa, hukama, chitendero, hukama hwevanhu, nezvimwe. Zvakakosha kuyeuka Themis (mwarikadzi wekutonga kubva kunhema dzekare dzeGreece) ane maziso akavanzwa nebhanhire, iro rinomiririra kusasarura. Chechitatu, pfungwa uye zvinoreva mutemo wemhosva zvinogara zvichibatana nemutemo wekutonga. Chirango kana zvimwe zviyero zvemhosva yepamutemo-chepamutemo zvinofanira kunge zvakaenzana nechiito. Chechina, mhosva yekutadza. Pasina iyo, sezvinozivikanwa, hapana upombwe kana kurangwa. Munhu anogona kunzi azvidavirire chete nokuda kwezviito izvi kana kuti kusagadzikana kune ruremekedzo rwemhosva yake isiri pachena. Chechipiri, vanhu. Mutemo wezvakaipa unogadzirirwa kuchengetedza kuchengetedza kwevanhu uye pasina mhaka kune chinangwa chokunyadziswa kana kutambura mumuviri.

Nheyo haisi kungoita mutemo wezvakaipa, asi huri hwaro, maererano nezvinoitwa nemabasa: kuchengetedzwa kwekusununguka uye kodzero dzevanhu uye vagari venyika, hurongwa hwemitemo, hurumende uye kuchengeteka, pfuma, nezvimwewo (Criminal Criminal Code 2).

Urongwa hwemhosva yepamutemo

Mhuri yehurumende yepamutemo inoratidzika sechioni chemukati weRussia Criminal Code. Icho chinhu chimwe chete, pamusoro pacho kune mutemo wemhosva. Icho chirevo uye chigadziro chinogara chichitaridzirwa muhuwandu. Nenzira, zvese zvinokamura chikamu cheCriminal Code kuti zvive zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha zvikamu: zvinokosha uye zvekare. Izvo, zvakare, inosanganisira zvikamu, zvitsauko nemazita akanyorwa. Kuita kuti nyaya yacho iwedzere kunzwisisika, zvakwana kutora pepa pepaji reCriminal Code kana kuti kuivhura mune imwe yemitemo uye maitiro epamutemo. Zvitsauko zvakapatsanurwa kuva nenyaya dzine nhamba yechinyorwa uye nheyo yepamusoro, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kwazvo kushanda pamwe chete nedhidhiyo uye kutsvaga ruzivo rwakakodzera. Kuverenga kunowanikwawo paunenge uchitaura chero zviito zvakasiyana zvezvakaipa zvinotarisirwa kuiswa muCriminal Code yeRussian Federation.

Zvikamu zvitanhatu, zvitsauko 15 uye zvinyorwa 102 zvinosanganisira munharaunda yakawanda yemutemo wemhosva. Iyo pfungwa uye chimiro chekutonga kwemurairo wemhosva kunokodzera kunyatsotarisirwa. Chikamu chinokosha chine, zvakare, zvitsauko 19, zvakabatana muzvikamu zvitanhatu, uye 271 nenyaya.

Nzira, maitiro, chirango zvose zvinoumba zvehutongi hwemitemo, iyo inowanzoti inogadziriswa nhatu. Zvose zvikamu, zvekare, zvine marudzi uye zvigadziriswe zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Mukuwedzera, zvinopesana zvichienderana nekuti ndeveZvamwe kana General chikamu cheCriminal Code yeRussian Federation.

Hypothesis: pfungwa nemhando

Pasi pemafungiro anofanirwa kunzwisiswa mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, apo kuitika kune izvo zvinotenderwa kushanda kwemitemo yemutemo, yakagadzirirwa nemutemo. Iyi chikamu chetsika yepamutemo inoratidza humwe mamiriro ehupenyu, huripo hunosimudzira zvidzidzo kune hukama hwehukama. Izvozvo zvinogona kunge zviri nyore kana zvakaoma. Muchiitiko chokutanga, chete chiitiko chinoratidzirwa, izvo zvinodiwa pakuzadzikiswa kwechimiro, uye muchipiri kune mazita akawanda. Mafungiro akazara, uyewo, akaparadzana muzviitiko zvekuwedzera uye mamwe maonero. Yokutanga inogona kuitika kana pane mitemo yakawanda panguva imwe chete. Imwe nzira yakasiyana yekushandiswa kwechimiro inowedzera mukuvimba kune chimwe chezvikonzero zvakawanda. Iko kunewo chikwata maererano nehuwandu hwekuoma. Muchirevo ichi, humwe hunoenderana, huwandu, humwe shanduko uye hwakaoma-mamwe maonero ezvimiso zvepamutemo zvinosarudzwa.

Thesis: pfungwa nemhando

Izvo "Chiitiko" chikamu chinoratidza maitiro ezvakanaka uye zvinangwa zvinoratidza chiito chinotyisa chevanhu. Ichi chinhu uye chirevo chemurairo wezvemhosva ndeye "chinangwa" chepamutemo, sezvo mitemo yekuita kwechidzidzo ichi yakarongwa mazviri. Zvichienderana nehutano hwekuratidzira, maitiro anogona kuva nyore kana anotsanangura. Muchiitiko chekutanga, kushandiswa kwemaitiro omunhu kunoratidzwa, asi hazviratidzirwe, somuenzaniso, Art. 128, chikamu 1 cheCriminal Code yeRussian Federation. Muchiitiko chechipiri, zvinhu zvose zvinokosha zvinotsanangurwa (Ndima 209, Chikamu 1, nezvimwewo). Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwechokwadi uye chimiro chekugadzirisa zvachose uye chakanyanya. Yokutanga inonyatsoratidza mabasa uye kodzero dzezvikamu (mapato) ehukama hwepamutemo. Iyo yekupedzisira inopa kodzero yekutora danho. Zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwemaitiro, zviri nyore, zvakaoma uye zvimwe zvinosarudzwa.

Chisarudzo: pfungwa nemhando

Mhedziso yemutemo wemutemo weRussian Federation uye nheyo yezvigadzirwa zve "chiremera" zvinowanzoreva chimiro, pamwe nekuwanda kwechirango chekuita imwe mhosva. Zvinogona kuva nyore uye zvakaoma. Muchiitiko chekutanga, pane imwe chirango, uye muchipiri kune mazita mazhinji. Zvikwereti zvakazara zvakakamurwa kuva kuwedzerwa, kubatanidza zvikwereti zvakasiyana-siyana panguva imwechete (somuenzaniso, kuiswa mujeri uye kutorwa kwepfuma), uye kushandiswa (kusunungura kana kuti kwakanaka). Zvichienderana ne:

• Chimiro chemigumisiro inogona kuva: chakanaka uye chakaipa;
• Dhigirii chechokwadi: mhedziso yakakwana ine chinyorwa chaiyo (somuenzaniso, chidimbu chemazana makumi matatu emabhururi) uye hama-inongogadzirisa miganhu yakaderera nepamusoro kana imwe yeiyo;
• Unhu hwehutano hutano hwehutano: kuranga, kugadzirisa mitemo, kudzivirira.

Mutemo wemurairo: chiito munzvimbo, nenguva uye mudenderedzwa revanhu

Vose vanhu vakaita zviito munharaunda yenyika (iyo yakagadzwa neBumbiro reMitemo, pamwe chete nemutemo "Pamusoro peHurumende Border yeRussian Federation") inotongwa nekutonga mhosva maererano neCriminal Code yeRussian Federation. Uipi (hurumende yega) yechiito uye kurangwa kwayo inogadza mutemo wemhosva (iyo pfungwa nemhando dzinofungidzirwa pamusoro), zvichiita panguva iyo yakaitwa. Izvi zvinoreva, pane imwe nguva yakatarwa, inofanira kutanga yakashanda (mazuva gumi mushure mekubudiswa kwayo kana panguva yakakodzera) uye haifaniri kurasa. Zvakakosha kuti mutemo wemhosva wepamutemo unozivikanwa nesimba rinodzoka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana zviyamuro zvakagamuchirwa izvo zvinobvisa kuparwa kwechiito chacho kana kuti kurangwa, kuderedza zvimhosva kana kuti kuchinje chinzvimbo chemunhu ane mhosva, zvino vanoshandisa kune izvozvi zvakaitwa vasati vasarudzwa.

Icho chirevo chekutadza kwemutemo kududzirwa

Kurera hutsika hwepamutemo, kusimbisa, kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu, hurumende uye hurumende zvinoda kuti mitemo yemutemo mukuru ishandiswe zvakanaka uye yakarurama. Izvi hazvikwanisi kuitwa kunze kwekunzwisisa mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika-zvematongerwo enyika munyika, zvinoreva chiito, mamiriro ezvinhu aida kubvumirwa kwaro, zvinangwa.

Nokududzirwa ndeye tsika yekunzwisisa kugadzirwa kwezvakagadzirwa, kujekeswa uye kujekeswa kwezvinoreva, kupa kwe tsanangudzo pamusoro pemashoko anoshandiswa neveMutemo. Inokurudzira kushandiswa kwunifomu yemaitiro, kubviswa kwekukanganisa. Nokudaro, pfungwa nemhando dzekududzira mutemo wemhosva zvinobatsira zvikuru.

Chirongwa nemusoro (mukuru)

Izvo zvinoitwa zvichienderana nechiremera chipi icho chakashandura mutemo, iyo inosarudzawo kusunga kwayo.

1. Kutendeseka kwechokwadi. Icho chinobva kumutumbi wakagamuchira mutemo wekusimudzira mutemo. Aya masimba anogoverwa chete mu Federal Assembly. Tsanangudzo yakadaro inosungira vose vagari venyika uye masimba ehurumende.
2. Iko kududzirwa kwepamutemo kunoitwa nehurumende yehurumende, iyo inobvumirwa nemutemo (State Duma weRussia Federation). Kushanda kwaro kwakagadziriswa kunongogumira kune denderedzwa yevanhu vanoshandisa mutemo, nokuti kutsanangurwa kwakapiwa.
3. Kusadudzira kushandura. Inopiwa nhengo dzose dzedare rinotonga pavanoshandisa mutemo unofanirwa kutarisa mhosva yemhosva (kusanganisira zvisarudzo zvePlumums yeHondo Dzemauto, ye Supreme Arbitration Court yeRussian Federation).

Iyo pfungwa nemhando dzekutsanangurwa kwemutemo wezvakaipa zvinotaurwa pamusoro apa zvinoreva hurumende.

Urongwa hwezvinyorwa (zvisina kufanira)

1. Dzidziso - inoitwa nevatsvakurudzi, mareji edzidzo yepamusoro mumabhuku, monographs, zvinyorwa zvesayenzi uye zvinyorwa kumutemo. Uye ngaive isina simba rinosunga, asi rinobatsira kunyatsonzwisisa uye kushandisa sarudzo yemutemo.
2. Mhizha - inopiwa nemagweta ane hanya nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzine chokuita nekushanda mukuita mutemo wemhosva. Haisi kusunga uye haina simba repamutemo.
3. Kazhinji - inopiwa paanowanzoita zuva rega rega nemumwe wevasiri vadzidzisi vezvematongerwo enyika muhukama hwepamutemo.

Kutevedzana nenzira

Mhedziso yemutemo wepamutemo inobatanidzwa zvakananga nekushandurwa kwaro. Muchidimbu ichi, nzira, iyo ndiyo, nzira iyo inoitwa nayo, inotorwa sechikonzero.

1. Grammatical tsanangudzo inoreva kujekesa kwezvakagadziriswa uye zvinoreva kuburikidza nokunzwisisa kwakarurama kwemashoko nemashoko anoshandiswa. Dzinofungidzirwa kubva muchigadzirwa, chirongwa chechirama uye eyymological.
2. Tsanangudzo yakagadziridzwa inoitwa nekuenzanisa mutemo wemutemo wepamutemo kune vamwe, kuisa nzvimbo yadzo mune imwe nzira, kurondedzera kubva kune vamwe zvine chokuita nehuwandu.
3. Historical interpretation. Chinangwa chayo ndechokuziva zvikonzero uye mamiriro ezvinhu anogadza kubvumidzwa kwemurairo uyu, pamwe nemabasa akanzi apiwe uye kuenzanisa nemamwe mairi akafanana.

Kurongwa nehuwandu

Sezvakagadziriswa, huwandu hwezviito zvinowira pasi pehutano hwemitemo yakagamuchirwa inotorwa. Kune marudzi matatu:

• Restrictive interpretation. Nezvo, chirevo chechirevo chemitemo chinopiwa chirevo chisina kunyanya kudarika zvinyorwa zvaro.
• Kuwedzera kududzirwa. Muchiitiko ichi, mamiriro akasiyana-siyana: iyo pfungwa (mutemo wemhosva, mutemo wemhosva) inotora zvinoreva zvakajeka kupfuura izvo zvinorondedzerwa mundima.
• Inorudziro chaiyo. Inotora mharidzo chaiyo pakati pezvinoreva zvinyorwa uye mukuita kwayo yakave yakawanda kwazvo.