Coinage: nhoroondo uye zvechadenga muitiro

Nyaya inotsanangura kuti coinage ichi, iro rakashandiswa zvokushandisa ichi, uyewo mwoyo pamusoro kugadzirwa chirangaridzo mari.

The makarekare

Kubvira kare kare, vanhu vaiita basa, umo kwacho uye kudiwa kusika zvakasikwa nerokuti Exchange - mari. Pakutanga, mabasa avo aikosha nesimbi, kana pane, nembariro dzavo (zvakafanana rinonzi "hryvna" uye yaishandiswa Russia), waya kana zvidimbu chete. Asi nokukurumidza vakatsiviwa yesimbi, pamwe yakamisirwa kurema uye, sezvo zvakaguma chezita ukoshi. Vakaitawo anokosha nesimbi coinage uye akanga yechigarire neimwe ane simba mamiriro. Chokwadi, pakuonekwa tumari akasiyana siyana, zvichienderana nyika kana nharaunda.

nguva yedu

Uye nokuuya bepa mari muupenyu hwedu, mari havana vadzingwa wokufambisa. Zvisinei, dzinenge pose zvino vakaita zvavo simbi kana chiwanikwa vasiri ferrous simbi.

In iyi, sezvo coinage kuRussia, varangana ruzhinji mints. Chitarisiko mari nguva dzose zvakananga kwaienderana kwete zera asiwo zvematongerwo enyika munyika. Vamiririri siyana enyika hwoudzvinyiriri mukufamba munhoroondo akanga chakaunzwa wokufambisa Banknotes ravo tsamba unhu. Asi, kuwedzera evasingatombonamati inoshanda kugadzirwa, pane imwe maonero inova unokosha tsika uye nhoroondo kukosha - iri kudzingirira chirangaridzo mari.

Kakawanda, icho chinofanira rejubheri, idzo zvinoshandawo mari zviratidzo, asi ivo vakasiyana vamwe achiita zvokutemera kana chimiro. Kakawanda, kusunungurwa kwavo iri yakarongwa kuti iitike vamwe chiitiko nhoroondo munyika kana nyika. A chirangaridzo chete kukosha sezvo vakadaro, ndivo chete sezvo dzakaunganidzwa Exhibits. Asi dzimwe nguva vanenge vakaita kubva inokosha nesimbi zvakadai sesirivha kana goridhe. Pay vari chitoro zvechokwadi kwete kunze, asi iwe unogona kana uchida kuchinjanisa pamwe kubhangi kuti noenderana kukosha kana kutengesa pachiteshi the pawn chitoro.

Zvino, nenzira, ita kugadzira chirangaridzo mari uye private yemakambani. The chakarondedzera mabasa rakafara chaizvo, kubvira kwegadziriro nedzimwe gadzira, nokugumisa rakananga kutapurirana kusvika workpiece. Material zvinogona kusarudzwa.

Kugadzirwa

Kutaura zvazviri, shoko rokuti "coinage" hachisi chokwadi. Saka isu akadana mufananidzo kuchinjirwa rikurumidze pamusoro workpiece parutivi nyundo ranwa. Asi nzira iyi va neudhadha muna maindasitiri kugadzirwa uye akakodzera chete kugadzirwa mari duku. Mukuwedzera, mufananidzo zvinowanzooneka avhiringidzwa.

Zvino Mari gadzira uchishandisa Yaunoti lähikuva (yokunamisa ubvise pamucheto) uye Mabhuku eBraille, achibatsirwa rwokubudisa kana workpiece iri hwakatamisirwa achida muenzaniso.

Pakutanga, kuMiddle Ages, aishandisa sikuruwa pazvisviniro, kana achishandisa vachishandisa kutenderera mhikuriso uye Mabhuku eBraille zvaitika, asi chiri refu muitiro uye haisi yakakodzera maindasitiri kugadzirwa Mari.

Asi panguva pakutanga XIX remakore injiniya Nevedomsky muSt Petersburg akasikwa muchina dzava kugadzira imwe crank. Her waivako oda 70 mari paminiti, riri kare zvikuru akakodzera kudirana gadzira mari.

Coinage. Industrial midziyo uye kuzvivaraidza

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuti maindasitiri midziyo - ndicho nhau chete, asi rurefu mwero kushandisa michina. In basa rake, chikuru nzira ndivo mukuru nokukurumidza uye razero kuremara.

Amateur midziyo - chitsidzo mudziyo ane waivako dererei zvikuru. Asi mufananidzo unhu iri rinokosha. mano kwakadaro inopa zvakasiyana siyana yemakambani, saka kuti munhu anogona kumisa kugadzirwa kwayo chirangaridzo mari.

Zvisinei, hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti magetsi nyepera Banknotes ndiyo apara mhosva.