Dare renyika dzese, mabasa avo nemitemo

Dare renyika dzakawanda mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda dzinoshanda sezviremera zvakagamuchirwa kutarisana nematambudziko chaiwo. Masangano akadaro anogadzirwa uye anoshanda maererano nesungano dzenyika dzakawanda kana, semutemo, maererano neUN Security Council Act. Ngatikurukurei zvakadzama kuti madare emarudzi ose ndeapi.

International Criminal Court munyaya yeVatungamiriri veFascist Germany

Ndiye mumwe wezvikoro zviviri zvakagamuchirwa izvo zvakanyatsozadzisa mabasa avo. Aya madzishe emarudzi ose akashanda mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Yokutanga yakaumbwa maererano nesungano pakati pehurumende yeRussia, France, Britain neAmerica, yakasinwa musi waAugust 8, 1945. Basa rake raiva rokudzorera nyaya yacho uye kuita sarudzo pamusoro pevarwi vehondo nehurumende yeHitler's Germany. Nzira yezvisikwa zvayo, unyanzvi uye hutongi hwakarondedzerwa muChinyorwa chakabatanidzwa kune chibvumirano.

Maitiro echirongwa

Dare renyika dzakawanda nematare ehurumende dzinoumbwa kubva kumumiririri enyika dzakasiyana. Yakasimbiswa munaAugust 1945, chiremera chaive nemapoka mana uye nhamba yakafanana yevatongi - imwe kubva kune imwe nyika kuenda kusungano. Mukuwedzera, kubva kumamiriro ose ehurumende akatumirwa mumiririri wake mukuru nevamwe vatungamiri. Vatsigiri vacho vaifanira kuva nehutano hwekuita, kusanganisira kupa kwekudzivirira mazano. Vatsigiri vepamusoro vanoita mabasa ose ari oga uye pamwe chete pamwe chete.

Credentials

Ivo vakagadzirirwa neMitemo yeMarudzi Edzimhosva. Kana iri sangano rekutanga, mazwi ekutaura akabatanidzwa:

• Mhosva dzehukama (kugadzirira, kuronga, hondo kuputsa zvibvumirano).
• Kuputsa kwehondo (zviito zvinopesana nemitemo kana tsika dzehondo).
• Mhosva dzevanhu (kuuraya, kutapwa, kuve varanda, kuparadzwa uye zvimwe zvinotambudza vanhu).

Nguva yebasa

Dare rekutanga rakaumbwa kuti riite nhamba dzisingaverengeki dzedzidzo. Sezvo nzvimbo yekusingaperi yaiva Berlin. Iyo yakabata musangano wayo wokutanga muna kutanga kwaOctober 1945. Basa reSangano rakange risina kugadzikana mukuita kuNuremberg Miedzo. Yakabatanidzwa kubva munaNovember 20, 1945 kusvika kunaOctober 1, 1946. Mutemo uye Mitemo yakaronga nzira yekuedza nekutongwa. Sechirango chevatadzi, chirango chekufa kana kuiswa mujeri kwaifungidzirwa. Chirevo chokuti nhengo dzedare rekutonga dzakapiwa dzakaonekwa sekupedzisira. Yakanga isiri pasi pekudzokorora uye yakashandiswa maererano nehutungamiri hweDare reGermany reGermany. Mutumbi uyu ndiwo chete wegwaro rakagamuchirwa kugadzirisa chisarudzo uye kufunga nezvekukumbira kwekunzwisisa kwemhosva.

Mushure mekuramba zvinyorwa zveavo vanopomerwa kutongerwa rufu, mutongo wakaurayiwa usiku hweOctober 16, 1946. Musi waDecember 11 wegore rimwe chete, sarudzo yeGeneral Assembly yakagamuchirwa, iyo yakasimbisa mitemo yepamutemo yenyika yose inowanikwa muChirongwa chechigaro ichi uye chirevo chayo.

The Tokyo Process

Dare rechipiri rakaumbwa kuti riedze vatongi veJapan. Yakanga yakagadzirwa nevamiririri vemazuva gumi nerimwe. Mutongi mukuru akagadzwa mutungamiri-mukuru-mukuru wemauto eJapan. Vakava mumiriri weUnited States. Mamwe mamwe masangano akagadza vatongi vezvekare. Izvi zvakaitwa kubva musi waMay 3, 1946 kusvika munaNovember 12, 1948. Dare redzimhosva rakaguma nemhosva ine mhosva.

Mamiriro ezvinhu nhasi

Iyi Kokorodzano pamusoro pekuparadza nekuparadzana yakaratidza mukana wekugadzira nhengo dzemitemo dzemarudzi ose dzedare. Semuenzaniso, mune chimwe chezviitiko izvi zvakasarudzwa kuti mhosva dzevaya vanopomerwa mhosva yekuparadza dzinofanira kuonekwa munharaunda yenyika iyo yakaitwa nemitemo yakagamuchirwa. Zvinogona kunge zviri zviviri masangano emunyika, nematare emarudzi ose. Pari zvino, nyaya yekusika muviri unogara uripo, unofunga nezvemhosva dzepasi rose, uri kukurukurwa.

Mabasa ematare edzimunyika akakurukurwa pamusoro apa ainge asingakwanisi kugadzirisa nzvimbo yepakati nepakati. Kana muviri unogara wakagadzirwa, saka haufaniri kuva nemiganhu yakadaro.

Simba rekugadzwa kwemagariro

Dambudziko iri rave richitarisirwa neKomisheni kuUnited Nations panzvimbo yeGeneral Assembly. Kusvika iye zvino, mazano akagadzirirwa kugadziriswa kwemuviri unogara nekusingaperi kwechibvumirano chetsika dzakawanda nenzira yechinyorwa (Chinyorwa). Masimba emuenzaniso anofanira kunge anosanganisira kuongorora nyaya dzevanhu. Zvisinei, munguva yakareba iyo inorongwa zvakare kuwedzera ruzivo rwehurumende.

Kufanana nematare emarudzi akapfuura, mutungamiri wekusingaperi unofanirwa kuongorora mhosva dzekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye nyika nezvimwe zviitiko zvakafanana izvo zvinowanikwa muboka re "transnational". Kubva pane izvi zvinotevera kuti hutongi hwechiitiko chacho hunofanirwa kushamwaridzana neNyika dzeMitemo.

Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, maonero akakosha panyaya yehutano inofanira kunge iyo iyo iyo masimba emuviri inofanira kuve akakwana kusvika pakufunga kwezvinhu zvakadai sehutsotsi, utsinye, mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Iyo chete inogamuchirwa ndeyokubatanidzwa muChirango chemashoko akajeka emabasa uye kurangwa kune mumwe nomumwe wavo. Sezvo zviyeuchidzo zvikuru zvinofanira kuva magumo kweimwe nguva kana yehupenyu. Mubvunzo wekushandiswa kwechirwere chekufa unoramba uchikakavara nhasi.

Maitiro

Dare remakurukota emarudzi akapfuura rakagadzirwa nevamiriri venyika vanobatanidzwa mune zvibvumirano zvakakodzera. Kuumbwa kwematare kwakange kwakasiyana. Kana zvichiitika pakuumbwa kwehurumende isingagumi, sachigaro nevatungamiri uye presidium vachada kupinda naro. Iyo yekupedzisira ichaita mabasa ose ekutonga uye kutonga. Kana iri yekuongorora zvakananga matambudziko, uyewo kutongwa, mabasa aya anofanirwa kupiwa kumakamuri avo. Zvichida, mabasa acho achaitwa nenzira mbiri:

1. Kuongorora zvakasununguka. Ichaitwa panzvimbo yemunharaunda yenyika munyika dzakasiyana.
2. Kuongorora kuburikidza nevane kodzero dzehurumende dzakagamuchirwa.

Nzira Yugoslav

Muna 1993, musi waMay 25, UN Security Council yakagadzirisa chisarudzo. Maererano neiri, dare renyika dzakawanda rakagadzwa kuti riite mhosva vanopomerwa mhosva dzekutyora mutemo wevanhu muimbova Yugoslavia. Panharaunda yenyika ino, kupopotedzana kwakatanga, izvo zvakava nhamo kune vanhu. Pakuumbwa kwechiitiko chacho, Mutemo wakabvumidzwa. Inotsanangura simba remuviri pamusoro pevanhu vanoita kudarika kwezvakagadzirwa zveGevenva Conventions nezvimwewo mitemo. Mabasa akadaro anosanganisira kuvhiringidzika kwekutambudzika kana kuuraya, kushungurudza uye kutambudza, kutora nhapwa, kutapwa zvisina kutenderwa, kushandiswa kwezvombo zvakakosha, kurwisana uye nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Nhengo yesangano

Muhurukuro iyi kune vatongi 11 vanozvimirira. Vanotumirwa neZimbabwe uye vanosarudzwa neGeneral Assembly kwemakore mana. Nyaya yacho inopiwa neUnited Security Council. Kufanana nematare emarudzi akapfuura, kunewo muchuchisi munyaya iyi. Muna May 1997, humwe hutano hwakasarudzwa. Mune chimiro chechigaro chekutonga pane 2 magweta edzimhosva uye 1 eimba. Mukutanga kune zvitatu, uye muchipiri - vanhu vashanu vanobvumirwa. Kune sangano muThe Hague. Mutemo unoronga nzira dzekutarisana nemhosva, kutora mvumo. Inogadzirisawo kodzero dzevanokanganisa uye vanopomerwa, kusanganisira kudzivirirwa.