China wokumwe negwaro. Mirayiridzo inokosha dzomunyika ukama

China - mumwe mukuru nyika munyika. Ndichengetedze mundima dzavo - mugumisiro netsika emakore-kare. China 's wokumwe mutemo rine nemamwe maitiro, nguva anodzivirira ayo nezvido uye panguva imwecheteyo nounyanzvi inovaka ukama nomunyika dzakapoteredza. Nhasi, nyika ino iri nechivimbo vanozviti utungamiri nyika, uye yakaitwa zvichibvira uyewo nemhaka "mutsva" wokumwe negwaro. The matatu nyika pakukura munyika - China, Russia, United States - panguva ndiro rinokosha kupfuura geopolitical simba, uye nzvimbo China ari vanamwari vatatu vatatu ichi anotarisa inogutsa zvikuru.

Nhoroondo China neInternational ukama

For zvitatu zvemakore, China, muganhu izvo nhasi kunosanganisira nhoroondo ndima chiripo sechinhu chikuru uye chinokosha simba munzvimbo. Izvi zvakaitika guru pave noukama nevavakidzani siyana uye inowirirana kudzivirira zvivanakire uye creatively vakashandisa yazvino vatorwa negwaro.

International ukama pakati China vakasiya chiratidzo tikwanise muuzivi rudzi, iyo yakavakirwa zvikurukuru pamusoro chiConfucian. Maererano Chinese maonero ishe hapana yechokwadi anofunga kunze, saka international ukama vagara zvakurukurwa sechikamu dzomunyika wokuti hurumende. Chimwe chinoratidza pfungwa ose statehood mu China ndechokuti, maererano maonero, hweKudenga haana magumo, vakafukidza nyika yose. Naizvozvo, China anoona pacharwo mhando pose hwacho, "Middle Kingdom." Domestic uye vatorwa wokuti China inobva mukuru nzvimbo - Sinocentrism. Zviri nyore kuti kutsanangura basa rokuwedzera Chinese madzimambo dzakasiyana nguva munyika kare. Muchiitiko chino, vatongi China kwakaita vagara vaidavira kuti nezvinozoitika kunokosha kwazvo kupfuura simba, saka China akagadza ukama hunokosha nevavakidzani vayo. kupinda kwayo mune dzimwe nyika nokuda upfumi uye tsika.

Kusvikira pezana remakore rechi19, nyika chakavapo mukati Imperial dzematongerwe enyika Greater China, uye chete nechisimba European akamanikidza hweKudenga kuchinja nenhungamiro kuhama ayo nevavakidzani ayo uye dzimwe nyika. Muna 1949, zvakanga kuzivisa Peoples Republic of China, uye izvi zvinotungamirira kuchinja mune dzimwe negwaro. Kunyange mugovanisi China akazivisa kudyidzana pamwe nyika dzose, asi zvishoma nezvishoma pakava nekupesana munyika mapoka maviri, uye nyika chakavapo kwaro mugovanisi bapiro, pamwe chete Soviet Union. Mumakore 70 vokuChina hurumende anochinja kuparadzirwa ichi mauto akati kuti China iri superpower uye kunyika Third World ari, uye kuti hweKudenga Empire aisazombofa uchida kuva superpower. Asi kune 80 gore fung of "vatatu nyika" pfungwa akatanga kupera - rinowanika "batanidza Nemuromo" wokumwe negwaro. Kusimbisa muUnited States uye dzavo kuedza kusika nyika unipolar kwakatungamirira chii China anoti pamusoro itsva dzakawanda kuumbwa uye yayo inokosha nzira itsva.

The "mutsva" wokumwe negwaro

Muna 1982, hurumende akazivisa "China idzva" kuti aripo nenhungamiro rugare coexistence zvose nyika zvenyika. Utungamiri munyika nounyanzvi hwakagara remarudzi ukama kuumbwa dzidziso dzaro uye panguva imwe chete maererano yayo zvarwo, ezvoupfumi uye enyika. Mukupera remakore rechi20, kuwedzera enyika vavariro yeUnited States, vanonzwa chete superpower kuti anogona sheedzera ayo nyika hurongwa pachavo. Hazvina zvienderane China, uye, mune mweya National hunhu uye nedzenyu tsika, utungamiri munyika haikurudziri uye ari kuchinja zvayo nzira. Kunobudirira zveupfumi uye mudzimba mitemo yose China anoratidza mamiriro kupfuura kubudirira kukura pakupera kwezana rechi20 uye rechi21 emakore. In nyika ino studiously kudziviswa kubatana chero mapato enyika uye anoedza kudzivirira chete zvinofarirwa geopolitical kurwisana zhinji. Asi nokusimbaradza US kumanikidzwa dzimwe nguva kunoita hutungamiri munyika kutora matanho akasiyana-siyana. In China, pane kuparadzana pfungwa dzakadai paruzhinji uye zvine urongwa miganhu. First kuzivikanwa sezvo chisingaperi uye inviolable, uye yokupedzisira, chokwadi, havana miganhu. bhora uku zvinodiwa munyika, uye kuti rinoshanda chose pamakona ose apasi. Aya inokosha pamiganhu uye ndiyo hwaro ano Chinese wokumwe negwaro.

geopolitics

Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi21 nyika zvaiva nenguva geopolitics, t. E. Pane chinoshingaira redistribution kuti mabhora ose simba pakati penyika mbiri. Ivo vanozivisa zvavanoda superpower kwete chete, asiwo rinoti diki kuti haudi kuva mbishi zvinhu manda kune dzakabudirira. Izvi zvinotungamirira muhondo, kusanganisira zvombo uye mibatanidzwa. Mumwe mamiriro ari kutsvaga zvinobetsera nzira kukura uye nezvaaiita. Panyaya iyi, asingagoni kuchinja uye vatorwa mutemo kwevanhu Republic of China. Mukuwedzera, panguva ino Danho hweKudenga dzawana zveupfumi uye uto simba, iyo inoita kuti vanoti mukuru uremu mu geopolitics. Chokutanga, China vakatanga kushora kwerunyararo ari unipolar muenzaniso wenyika, akanga vachida multipolarity, uye nokudaro, perforce, kugadzirisa kusawirirana kufarira pamwe United States. Zvisinei, China nounyanzvi anovaka rake mutsetse mufambiro, izvo, senguva dzose, pfungwa pakudzivirira zvavo zveupfumi uye mudzimba zvido. China haana akati zvakananga pamusoro kutaura kuti ukuru, asi zvishoma nezvishoma kutevera kwayo "akachengeteka" kuwedzera kwenyika.

Nezvinodzidziswa wokumwe negwaro

China anoti yayo huru Mishoni kuramba rugare munyika, uye zvose zvinotsigira kukura yose. The nyika yagara mutsigiri rugare coexistence nevavakidzani vayo, uye ndicho chinhu chikuru China kuumba ukama dzakawanda. Muna 1982, ivo Charter rakagamuchirwa munyika umo mirayiridzo inokosha China wokumwe negwaro. Kune 5 chete:

- nheyo kuremekedzana kuti uchangamire uye nyika miganhu;

- nheyo asiri hasha;

- nheyo asiri chipingaidzo munyaya mamwe inoti uye asiri chipingaidzo munyaya dzomunyika dzavo kunyika;

- nheyo wakanyatsojeka muukama;

- nheyo yenyika pamwe dzose dzenyika.

Gare gare, izvi zvinokosha zvinodavirwa muchitendero dzave transcribed uye kugadziridzwa pakupindura kuchinja ezvinhu munyika, kunyange chaizvoizvo zvavo anoramba kuzochinja. Modern vatorwa mitemo nzira yokuti China kuchabatsirawo zvose kusimudzira kukura ane multipolar nyika uye kutsiga dzakawanda.

Hurumende ndizvo musimboti hweruzhinji uye kuremekedza netsika uye kodzero dzavanhu yokuzvitonga nzira. Zvomuchadenga zvakare anoshora marudzi ose ugandanga uye zvakasimba zvinoita kuti kusikwa chakarurama zvoupfumi uye enyika kuitira nyika. China iri vakazvipira pakagadzwa noushamwari uye mose ukama nevavakidzani vayo mudunhu, uyewo dzose dzenyika.

Izvi zvinokosha zvinodavirwa muchitendero ndidzo nheyo China kuti unyanzvi, asi chimwe nechimwe nharaunda umo nyika ine geopolitical zvinofarirwa, vari vakaziva mune imwe nzira rokuvaka ukama.

China uye US: anenge uye yokurwisana

China uye US ukama refu uye yakaoma nhoroondo. Nyika idzi vakanga vagara munzvimbo Isimba rakadini rinogona kubudiswa kurwisana, rave chokuita kuramba utongi hwechiKomonisiti of America uye China kutsigira KMT. Kuderedza makakatanwa ari ichangotanga muna 70s remakore rechi20, nedzenyu hukama pakati United States uye China hwakagadzwa muna 1979. Kwenguva refu, Chinese hondo yakagadzirira kuzvidzivirira munyika miganhu zvido zvakadyiwa American kurwisa, iro vakatenda hweKudenga nemuvengi waro. Muna 2001, Munyori weHurumende yeUnited akati anotenda China haasi muvengi, somunhu aikwikwidzana ari mamiriro ezveupfumi, izvo zvaireva kuti mutemo kuchinja. America vaisagona kukanganwa kukurumidza kukura Chinese zvoupfumi uye kuvaka nemauto raro. Muna 2009, United States yaitoti musoro China kusika chaiwo ezvoupfumi-enyika Manyorerwo - G2, mubatanidzwa wenyika mbiri dzine. Asi China akaramba. Kazhinji haribvumirani nepfungwa mutemo vokuAmerica uye havana kuda kutora chikamu basa nokuti. Pakati kugara States iri kuwedzera wezvokutengeserana vhoriyamu, China ave achishingaira bhizimisi iri US yesangano, zvose izvi chete kunosimbisa kudiwa kudyidzana mune zvematongerwo enyika. Asi United States iri kuedza kumanikidza China kubvira nguva panguva yemugumo dzavo maitiro, izvo China utungamiri anopindura unopinza nemishonga. Saka, ukama pakati penyika mbiri tichingotarisira vakadengezera pakati kunetsana uye ushamwari. China anoti akagadzirira "shamwari" pamwe US, asi hapana nyaya haazoregi chipingaidzo kwavo mitemo yavo. Zvikurukuru, kugara chinogumbura ndiyo njodzi pachitsuwa muTaiwan.

China uye Japan: akaoma vavakidzani ukama

Relations pakati vavakidzani vaviri kunowanzoguma kusawirirana kwakakomba uye zvakasimba mumwe. With nhoroondo idzi pane hondo dzakawanda zvikuru (7th remakore, rechi19 pezana remakore rechi20 uye), akanga zvakakomba. Muna 1937, Japan akarwisa China. Iye akapa dzaitsigira chaizvo Germany uye Italy. Mauto Chinese zviri muduku Japanese, izvo akabvumira Japan kuti nokukurumidza andobata hombe nzvimbo China nechokuchamhembe. Nhasi, zvakaipira hondo dziri chipingamupinyi pakagadzwa zvikuru noushamwari pakati China uye Japan. Asi izvi zviviri Hofori zvoupfumi nhasi yakanyanya chokuita zvikuru kuchinjanisa ukama, kutenga kurwisana. Naizvozvo, nyika kuenda zvishoma nezvishoma convergence, kunyange zvazvo vakawanda kuzvipokanidza kuramba zvisingagadziriswi. Somuenzaniso, China uye Japan haagoni kusvika chibvumirano dzakasiyana dambudziko nzvimbo, kusanganisira Taiwan, izvo haabvumiri nyika zvikuru pedyo. Asi muzana rino remakore rechi21, hukama pakati Asian Hofori zvoupfumi inodziya zvikuru.

China uye Russia: ushamwari uye nokushandira pamwe

Two nyika hombe, riri pamusoro kondinendi chete, chete havagoni kubatsira asi edza kuva noushamwari. Nhoroondo pamwe pakati penyika mbiri odzokera emakore anopfuura mana. Panguva ino paiva dzakasiyana, zvakanaka nezvakaipa, asi zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kukanganisa kukurukurirana pakati rinoti, vari zvakare rakada zvakanyatsobatana. Muna 1927, pamutemo ukama pakati Russia uye China vave kuvhiringidzwa kwemakore anoverengeka, asi vari kutanga kudzorerazve mukupera 30-ies yokukurukurirana. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II nesimba muna China anouya yechiKomonisiti mutungamiri Mao Zedong rinotanga pedyo kubatsirana pakati USSR uye China. Asi pamwe kuuya nesimba Nikita Khrushchev Soviet ukama kuipa, uye chete nemhaka guru kuitwa nedzenyu vanokwanisa kumisa. Pamwe kugadzirisa ukama pakati Russia uye China vari achidziya zvinokosha, kunyange pane kusawirirana pakati penyika mbiri. Mukupera rechi20 uye mangwanani rechi21 remakore, China rava chinokosha inokosha nemumwe kuti Russia. Panguva iyoyo, kutengeserana ukama vari akanatsiridzwa, kuwedzera kupanana zvigadzirwa, zviri enyika zvibvumirano. Kunyange zvazvo China, senguva dzose, zvikurukuru anoona zvavanoda uye anodzivirira navo vanoramba, uye Russia dzimwe nguva kuita tobvuma kuti muvakidzani guru. Asi zvose nyika kukosha pakudyidzana kwavo, saka kure, Russia uye China - ishamwari kukuru, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvoupfumi vadyidzani.

China neIndia: Strategic Partnership

Vaviri pakukura nyika Asian dzaibatanidzwa ukama-gore-2 zviuru zvinopfuura. The ano danho rakatanga mukupera 40s remakore rechi20, apo India akaziva China uye kumisa nedzenyu vokukurukura. Pakati rinoti pane muganhu kusawirirana kuti kudzivirira rapprochement pakati inoti. Zvisinei, mune zvoupfumi India-China ukama chete hwakavandudzika uye kuwedzerwa, izvo rinobatanidza boka Kudziya enyika vokukurukura. Asi China anoramba vakaita yayo urongwa uye haisi muduku wayo inokosha zvepamusoro, akatakura panze kuwedzera akanyarara, kunyanya pamisika kweIndia.

China uye South America

simba guru kudaro akafanana China, ane zvarwo pose. Uye mumunda pokudzora kwehurumende anoita kwete rinotevera-musuo vavakidzani kana kuenzana ufanane nyika, asi zvikuru kure kumatunhu. Saka, China wokumwe chezvawanyora yakasiyana chaizvo maitiro ari dzakawanda munhandare dzimwe dzine kwemakore akawanda achishingaira kutsvaka pamungawirirana pamwe kunyika South America. Kuedza aya kubudirira. Sebasa wokuti China rinoguma nyika mudunhu, kushanda pamwe zvibvumirano, uye ari kushingaira kukura dzaishandiswa ukama. Chinese nemabhizimisi South America chokuita kuvaka migwagwa, simba zvinomera, mafuta uye gasi, nekuvaka kudyidzana mune nzvimbo ubanguranyika uye motokari.

China uye Africa

Chete vanoshingaira mutemo pamusoro Chinese hurumende iri munyika African. China anoita zvakakomba upfumi munyika kukura in kondinendi "dema". Nhasi, ari Chinese guta aripo ari migodhi, kugadzira, uto maindasitiri, pakuvaka migwagwa uye kugadzirwa kwezvivako. China inoomerera dzematongerwe isina mitemo, inoenderana nemitemo yavo kuremekedzwa dzimwe tsika uye ushamwari. Nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti Chinese mubhizimisi iri Africa nhasi zvokuti changing kwoupfumi uye enyika serakavakwa mudunhu. Zvinoitwa Europe uye United States kuti Africa iri zvishoma ipfupi, uye nokudaro vakaziva chinangwa chikuru China - a multipolar nyika.

China uye Asia

China ndiro Asian nyika, vakawanda pfungwa pedyo States. Panyaya iyi, dzimwe nyika mutemo chinozoiswa nguva yakati dzinokosha. Nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti Chinese hurumende anofarira chaizvo mune rugare munharaunda imwe uye vaishanda vose dzose Asia. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan - chiri nzvimbo kutarisirwa chaizvo muna China. In nharaunda iyi pane yakawanda nematambudziko, izvo akarwarisa pakaparara Soviet Union, asi China ari kuedza kugadzirisa mamiriro avo nyasha. kubudirira zvikuru rave kubudirira mune pakagadzwa ukama China kwaJehovha Pakistan. Countries vari anorenda kutanga chirongwa yenyukireya, iri akatya kwazvo pamusoro United States uye India. Nhasi, China ari kunyengetedzana pamusoro vadyi pakuvaka Mapaipi nokuda China ichi zvinokosha.

China uye North Korea

An chinokosha inokosha mudiwa of China ndiro rinotevera-musuo muvakidzani - North Korea. China utungamiri akatsigira North Korea muhondo pakati pezana remakore rechi20 uye nguva dzose akaratidza kuda kwayo kupa rubatsiro, kusanganisira uto mumwe, pose uchida navo. China wokumwe mutemo anogara yakanangana kuchengetedzwa zvezvavanofarira, achitarisa mukutarisana muKorea zvakavimbika shamwari kuFar East. Nhasi, China ndiro rakakura kupfuura mamwe ose kutengesa shamwari pamusoro North Korea, ukama kunyika dziri kukura zvakanaka. Nokuti zvose nyika kudyidzana munharaunda anokosha kwazvo, saka vane tarisiro zvikuru pamwe.

miganhu kusawirirana

Pasinei nedzenyu unyanzvi ose China wokumwe mutemo kunoratidzwa nemano uye tsime rakanaka vaifunga kunze, haagoni kupedza zvinetso zvose dzakawanda. The nyika ine nhamba nharo nendima kuti omesa ukama nedzimwe nyika. A kwazvo inokosha China ndiye Taiwan. Kwemakore anopfuura 50 eutungamiri maviri Republic of China havagoni kugadzirisa nyaya youchangamire. Vatungamiriri pachitsuwa ose makore inotsigira hurumende US, uye hazvibviri kuti kugadzirisa kunetsana. Rimwe dambudziko nderokuti aripo sokuti asingagadzirisiki Tibet. China, ane muganhu akanga akatsunga muna 1950, pashure pokuchinja, akati kuti Tibet chikamu China kubva muzana remakore rechi13. Asi zvizvarwa Tibetans pasi utungamiriri Dalai Lama vanotenda kuti vane kodzero youchangamire. China ane yakaoma mutemo kune separatists uye sezvo chingapedza dambudziko iri harisi kutarisirwa. Vane miganhu kukakavadzana China uye Turkestan, kubva Rwomukati Mongolia, Japan. Zvomuchadenga godo nyika yavo uye haadi kuti zvichemo. Somugumisiro kuparara Soviet Union, China wakagona chikamu wenharaunda Tajikistan, Kazakhstan uye Kyrgyzstan.