Chinangwa: yacho yokungotaura yepfungwa

Dzidziso chido yakataurwa siyana zvikoro pamusoro kare kwenguva refu, uye nhasi vakaumba yakawanda nzira nesayenzi kuti tsananguro chiitiko ichi. AN Leontiev Somuenzaniso, vaidavira kuti chinangwa uye kukurudzira mune zvepfungwa ari rinosvika yose mubereko yesayenzi, pasi iro rinoongorora nyaya mano, simba rinomutsa chepfungwa pezvakaitwa chokuita ruzivo uye ugone. Nokuti mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti, Chinangwa, akatsvaka mashoko ake - tsika. Izvi zvinonzi zvishande sainzi, apo kuziva uye ruzivo vari nechepakati.

Other Nzira havawanzoiti kukurudzira sechinhu chinoita kuti maitiro mavambo uye zvaanoreva. Zvikurukuru, Atkinson akakurukura pfungwa, maererano iyo, kuwedzera kune chaiko ruzivo-chinoumba vaiona nevavariro somunhu regulator unhu, kureva kukosha kwayo unoratidzwa, pakukoka zvinenge rose zvoupenyu evanhu ukama.

In chinonyanya Kazhinji chimiro motifs zvinogona kududzirwa sezvo vavariro akatsiga kuti kuita munhu upi maitiro, chiito kana kunyange kuita imwe mararamiro. Motivation, muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, anooneka somunhu simba mutoo zvinosanganisira initialization maitiro evanhu, kuziva nhungamiro yokuzvibata ichi, ayo tsananguro pachavo uye vamwe, sangano uye nebasa, i.e. ukuru nokugadzikana nezvebasa maererano kweshoko.

Kunzwisisa chii chinangwa ndiye anokonzera parameter zvainyanya kuitwa zvinodiwa nevanhu. Izvi vanoratidza simba rake, kakawanda uye panowanikwa zviratidzo, nzira uye nzira Implementation. Chimwe chinokosha vavariro sezvo pfungwa anova kudzidzwa chinangwa mabasa evanhu. Pano pezvawakaita kunoratidzwa muna chokwadi kuti anosarudza chakakoshera zvinangwa uye mwero ruzivo. Chokwadi ndechokuti kukurudzira maitiro Kazhinji somunhu vanoziva uye fenda

Kuti zvimwe zvakanyatsorongwa kufungidzira vavariro chii, chii kwesayenzi mhirikiro wokurera uye kuumbwa sayenzi, zvakanaka kuratidza zviri pfungwa vanosimbiswa zvepfungwa panyaya nyaya iyi.

Darwin shanduka dzidziso zvakasimbisa adzidze kwevanhu pfungwa hunhu tanga pachiyero zvaisazogona. Freud Makdaugoll, Pavlov uye vamwe vakatsvaka kutsanangura zvakawanda (kana kwete zvose) siyana kwevanhu maitiro kwomudzimu chokuziva zvaisazogona, iro chinoonekwa sechinhu chikuru motivational hurongwa. Next, kuitwa kurapa kwakadaro kwakaita kuti pakuonekwa zvounhu dzidziso (behavioristic).

Izvi kuitika zvepfungwa, vakagamuchira kupfuura chaiwo nemagadzirirwo mabasa Watson, Hull, Skinner, umo vakaedza kutsanangura chinangwa zvose anosarudza maitiro, anotikurudzira-reactive chinhu. A rakakura kukura kwepfungwa uye kubvunza mirayiridzo, chii vavariro uye chii hunhu waro, chinoitirwa Bernstein uye Anokhin.

Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rapfuura inozivikanwa dzidziso "yezvisikwa nevatengi nzanga", mumwe theorists rakanga William Maslow. Vamiririri chikoro yesayenzi vaikoshesa kweshoko somunhu simba chakajairika, kukura maererano shanduka hwevanhu zvinodiwa. Ndivo kumiririrwa sezvinotevera. Zvinodiwa akaumba sequentially uye pamwe upenyu hwose hwomunhu. emuchina dzavo ndeinotevera: kutanga kuoneka uye vave vasiri (nzara, nyota, etc.) Inoda, uye ipapo, sequentially, kuchengeteka zvinodiwa, ndeve uye rudo, kuremekedza, ruzivo uye unyanzvi (zvishande), kuzvicheka-actualization (vasinganyatsooni zvinangwa zvavo) . In kufanana izvi ndiko kukura motivational bhora ari munhu, izvo anogona kunonoka toreva zvinodiwa, asi anogona uye kugara mberi nayo. dissonance ichi kana kuwirirana pakupedzisira vakatsunga uye maitiro evanhu munzanga.