Congress ndiyo ... National Congress. International Congress

Congress ndiyo musangano, congress kana musangano pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwemasayendisiti, vezvematongerwo enyika, vamiririri vehurumende. Izwi rimwechete iro rinowanzoshandiswa mumazita emapato ezvematongerwe enyika nemitemo. Mari iyo yakabatwa munyika dzakawanda gore negore.

Simba rehurumende reUnited States of America rine zvitatu zvematongerwo enyika, rimwe rayo chaizvoizvo Congress. Kodzero dzake, masimba nemabasa zvakagadziriswa nemutemo wehurumende. VaAmerica Congress - ndeye, mune mamwe mazwi, paramende. Iye ari bicameral: Senate neImba yeVamiririri. Iri muKapitol. Mutemo mukuru weAmerica inoti Congress inofanira kusangana kamwe chete pagore neMuvhuro wekutanga weDecember. Yokupedzisira kuchinjwa, iyo yakagamuchirwa nehurumende, yakatangwa muna 1933.

International Congress "Shield"

"Shield", inonzi International Congress pamusoro peKudzivirirwa kweCitizens's Rights uye Rusununguko, isangano rakasarudzwa nehutano hwezvematongerwe enyika nemamwe masangano epamutemo. Pamisangano, hutano hwekudzivirira kodzero, chiremerera uye rusununguko rweumwe neumwe zvinokurukurwa. Iyi musangano inofukidza nyika dzinopfuura makumi mashanu munyika yose.

ICongress, iyo gore ra2015 rakabudirira nekuda kwekushanyira ku OSCE, yakaumbwa muna 2011 naDareh Daguerre.

"Shield" inobatanidza vatapi venhau, vanoongorora nezvepfungwa, mafilosofi, vadziviriri vekodzero dzevanhu vane mukurumbira wenyika yose. Zvose zvinoshanda kuitira kuchengetedza munhu wese pasi pano, kudzivirira kodzero dzake dzepamutemo uye mazano.

Indian National Congress

Sangano guru rezvematongerwo enyika muIndia ndiyo Indian Congress (INC). Yakaumbwa muna 1885. Inoumbwa nevatungamiri makumi maviri nevatatu, izvo zvinoita kuti ive guru rezvematongerwo enyika.

Muzana remakore rechi19, mubvunzo wekuumba sangano iro raizobatanidza maIndia vashandi rakanga rakaoma. Icho chiitiko chakaratidzirwa nemashamba evanhu, vasingazikanwi chete mune zvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvakagamuchirwa na vice-king Ishe Ripon. Akasimbisa chinangwa chake pamutsamba wakaitwa munaDecember 1882, achida kuchinja kuhupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika.

IInternational Congress ndiyo sangano rekutanga muparamende, iyo hurukuro iyo yakaitwa muchando cha1885. Mutungamiri wavo uyo, Banerjee akati bato racho richave richiwedzera pakuwedzera kukurukurirana kwevaIndia, kupedza kusagadzikana kwemadzinza, nyika, hutano uye zvechitendero nekubatanidza nyika.

Iyo Forum yakarondedzera zvakasiyana siyana zvinoda hurumende neParamende yeEngland:

• Kuparadzwa kweDare reLondon pamusoro pezvinoitika zveIndia;
• Kuchinja mumatunhu enyika uye kuwedzera kwemasimba eCentral Indian Legislative Council.

Congress muUnited States

Congress muUnited States ine makamuri maviri: pasi nepamusoro. Iyo yakaderera inonzi Imba yeVamiririri. Kune nzvimbo 435 pano, uye nhamba iyi inoramba iri yakafanana gore negore, kunyange zvazvo Congress ine kodzero yekuishandura iyo. Vamiririri vanogona kusarudzwa zvakare nhamba dzisingagumi zvenguva. Mutungamiri weChechi ndiye mutauri, uyo akasarudzwa kwete neVaAmerica, asi nevatongi. Pano basa guru nderokugamuchirwa kwemitemo ye federal.

Senate - kamuri yepamusoro - ine mapurisa zana. Vanhu vaviri bedzi vanogona kushanda panguva yakafanana kubva kune imwe nyika. Vatungamiriri veSeneten vanosarudzwa kwemakore matanhatu nevegari venyika. Basa guru nderekugadzwa kwevashandi uye kutonga nyika.

MuMutemo weAmerica, Congress haina kugoverwa mumakamuri maviri. Inosanganisira zvinangwa zvavo, mabasa uye kodzero.

Nzira yeMutemo muU.SA

Dare iri muCongress rinogamuchirwa nevhoti kutanga muImba yeVamiririri, gare gare muSeneti. Uye mushure memubvumirano wehuwandu hwevatongi, sarudzo inotorwa neparamende inoendeswa kumusoro wehurumende kuti iongorore. Anofanirwa mukati memazuva gumi achibvumira kana kurambidza chikwereti, i.e. Isa veto inoshungurudza. Kana musingagamuchiri, iye zvakare anodzokera kuimba yeVamiririri. Kana pane zvinodarika zviviri zvevatatu vovhoti inokandwa kwaari, anoenda kuSeneti, uye iyo yose inodzokorora. Nechikonzero chakanaka, mutemo uyu unoshanduka kuva mutemo wezvematongerwo enyika kunze kwechiratidzo chakakodzera chemuongorori. Sangano reUnited States rakagadzirwa nenzira yakadaro iyo chete inokwanisa kuita chero mutemo; Mutungamiriri wenyika haana chaanonyatsoita izvi.

Kutora Congress muUnited States

Panguva ino, vatongi vanosarudzwa kuparamende nekuvhota. Kusvikira 1913, sarudzo mbiri-mbiri dzakabatanidzwa: kutanga, vagari vakasarudzwa pasi pezvematongerwo enyika, izvo, zvakare, zvakagamuchira vatsigiri vangadikanwa. Iri chirongwa rakabviswa nechisere chechirongwa chegumi nechisere mumutemo wekutanga-mutemo. Hurumende iri muUnited States Congress yava kusarudzwa zvachose nevanhu.

Kuzokwanisa kuva mutevedzeri weImba yeVamiririri, zvakakosha kusvika makore makumi maviri nemashanu, kuva nehukama hwekuAmerica, kurarama muhurumende yaanosarudzwa kwemakore manomwe. Musoro weparamende uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanobvumirwa neImba yeVamiririri. Vanhu bedzi vakasvika makore makumi matatu vane US citizenship uye vanogara muhurumende kwemakore gumi nematanhatu panguva yekusarudzwa vanosarudzwa kuSeneti.

Simba re US Congress

Congress ndiyo huru yemitemo yeAmerica, iyo ine mhando inotevera yezviitiko:

• Vhura kana kuvhara mushambadzi wekunze kune dzimwe nyika, unoshandiswa mune zvekutengeserana nenyika dzakapoteredza, pamwe chete nehukama hwehupfumi huri pakati penyika.
• Chengetedza kosi yemari inokosha, zvose zveAmerica nedzimwe nyika.
• Kuendesa zvikwereti zvemari.
• Kugadzira purogiramu yemitero, mabasa, mitemo yakasiyana-siyana yemagariro ekubhadhara chikwereti, kuve nechokwadi chekudzivirira kwehurumende; Iroji yehuwandu hweAmerica inofanira kuva yakafanana.
• Chengetedza mamiriro ezvikepe.
• Ita matare emunharaunda.
• Sarudza nguva uye chiyero chekurangwa kune avo vane mhosva yemhosva dzakakomba.
• Kutarisira nyika uye marine mauto, kubudisa mitemo yezvikwata zvavo.
• Paridza mamiriro ehondo.
• Gadzira mapepa akasiyana-siyana epositi uye nzira.
• Kubatsira mukuvandudzika kwezvikamu zveSayenzi, mhizha, unyanzvi.
• Fomu uye ipe hondo.
• Kuzivisa nguva yekuiswa mujeri kwevanhu vainge vabatanidzwa mukugadzira zvinyorwa zvinokosha zvehurumende, pamwe nemari.
• Dzidzisa mapurisa, zvibatane mune zvombo.
• Ita mitemo ine chokuita nekunamatira.

Nhoroondo ye US Congress

Mumiririri akadaro sendimu separamende, kana kuti pane iyo yakadzima kure, inoberekerwa muAmerica kusvika kumashure muna 1619. Zvino yakazonzi General Assembly.

Mutemo weUnited States uye rudzi rutsva rweCongress rinowanikwa kusvika muna 1787, apo hondo yeFiladelphia yakaguma, kana kuti panzvimbo yekuda kwayo kuzvimiririra. Pamusangano wacho yakasarudzwa kuti nyaya yekusarudza vatungamiri inova yakaoma uye yakaoma, sezvo munhu aidiwa uyo anogona kuchengeta zvinhu zvose pasi pesimba uye kwete kuputsa pasi pezvinetso zvezvinetso.

Munguva yekutongwa kweBumbiro reMitemo, zvakasarudzwa kuti Congress inofanira kupiwa masimba makuru. Semuenzaniso, kupa mukana wekutarisira zvachose mamwe matambudziko akaoma kugadzirisa mune imwe nyika yakasiyana. Mushure mokutaura kwakadaro, vatungamiri vakapatsanurana kuva mativi maviri: avo vakatsigira pfungwa, uye avo vakati izvi zvakange zvakanyanya kuwanda. Kubva muna 1800, mukuvaka kweCapitol (muWashington) ndiyo Congress. 2014 yakaratidza kuti Paramende yeAmerica ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakanyanyisa mune zvematongerwo enyika.