D. S. Lihachev, "yechizvarigo": pfupiso nechitsauko

Unoziva mumwe munyori sezvo Likhachev? "Native Land" (pfupiso gare gare munyaya) - zviri zvisikwa zvake kunoshamisa kuti anofanira kuverenga ose kuyaruka uye vose vaya kumira pachikumbaridzo okuyaruka. A bhuku zvinoshamisa kuti zvinofanira kuva pasherefu panguva naani anoda kuunza munhu chaiye. Basa iri chaizvo yakakura, saka tichakurukura muchidimbu nyaya "yechizvarigo." Likhachev, panzira, haana chete munyori, asi unyanzvi mutsoropodzi uye tsika nyanzvi, chiremba philological sayenzi uye purofesa. Kutaura chokwadi, munyori chaiye, haana kudana, asi ruzivo rwake akakura uye chipo emunyori akamutendera kuti kusika mabasa akanaka. Ngatitaurei kuzivana pedyo pamwe nemunyori.

munyori

Muna 1914 iye akadzidza ari girama chikoro mukomana Philanthropic Society, uye gare gare - muna St. Petersburg chikoro kuti K. May. Kubva 1920 kusvika 1923 akanga muSoviet yakabatana Labor School. Pashure paizvozvo, kusvikira 1928, Likhachev aiva mudzidzi Romance uye weGermany uye necheSalvic-Russian bazi wemitauro nemabhuku pa Leningrad State University. Muna 1928, Dmitri akasungirwa kuva nhengo "Space Academy of Sciences." Chikonzero kusungwa yakanga zvakananga kuti Likhachev akaita mushumo Russian richitarisa kubatanidzwa nokupatsanurwa kwemashoko yekare, yakanga dzakasvibiswa muvengi. Akatongerwa 5 years, izvo akashanda mumusasa Solovki. Muna 1932 akasunungurwa mangwanani. Akadzokera kuna yekwake. Nokukurumidza iye akaonekwa vanasikana vaviri. Pashure pokugara mumusasa, akanyora ake basa sayenzi wokutanga pamusoro makasa ari tsotsi nyika. Interesting chokwadi kuti pakarepo pashure pokusunungurwa kwake akatanga kushanda ari forensic muhofisi, izvo akamuunzira yakawanda mafaro, nokuti akapa mukana wokudzidza zvinhu zvitsva.

Likhachev kuona mupiro kuti kukura uye kudzokorora mabhuku Russia yekare hazvibviri. Ndiye akanyora akanakisisa basa panhau, izvo zvichiri riri kudzidzisa chishandiswa vadzidzi. Akatorawo Zvinoshingaira mubasa asagadzirazve ari mapatya pedyo St. Petersburg "Mon Repos". Nemhaka yake rubatsiro, akanga asunungurwa bhuku dzakatevedzana vanoda "mabhuku Monuments". Iye chikatsiviwa kuwanda mbiru, ruzivo zvake risingaperi. mibayiro ake zvisingaverengeki, sezvo zvose nzvimbo, uyo akauya ari vachionana, Likhachev akasiya chinokosha uye chinokosha chiratidzo.

Basa uye uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika

Tinotanga kufunga chebhuku, rakanyorwa wokutanga Dmitry Likhachev. "Native Land", pfupiso iyo tichakurukura - zviri-dimensional matatu basa rine zvitsauko 10. Tichaedza zvishoma kutaura nomumwe wavo.

Muchitsauko chokutanga, munyori anoti wose muupenyu zvinofanira kuva chinangwa rose. Kuwedzera pfupi uye zviito zviduku, mumwe anofanira kuedza chinhu chaizvoizvo zvikuru. Zvakakosha kuva vaneshungu pamusoro basa ravo. Kupfuura zvose, izvi zvinoshanda vadzidzisi uye vanachiremba - vave vaifanira kubatsira vanhu. Likhachev akati kuti chinangwa wakadaro rudo uye kudzivirirwa kwenyika, vanhu vake. Hazvina manzwiro akadaro kuti anondimutsa ari murume yakavigwa simba mangwanani, anodzivirira kubva pamatambudziko uye kukangaidzika. Panguva iyoyowo Dmitry rinosimbisa kuti vanhu vanofanira kuedza kudzidza pamusoro kare vemarudzi ose uye vemarudzi. Kuda vanhu vake vanofanira kuva tinoberekwa neimwe.

Tingave akaratidza maonero chero nguva Likhachev? "Native Land", pfupiso ratinotaura vakatanga kufunga, muchitsauko chokutanga anooneka pamberi pedu mitsetse iyi: "Ndinoda ... Ancient Rus '. Munyori haatyi kutaura pachena pamusoro zvaanofunga uye anofunga, uye akakodzera kuremekedza. Izvi ushingi panguva iyoyo zvagara zvinowanika vaya vakanga vachida kuisa pasi musoro wake nokuda yokumusha kwake chete. Very muchidimbu muchitsauko chino, munyori dzokurumbidza (ona chakakodzera) Russian mabhuku uye uri pamusoro XIX remakore. The inokosha Pfungwa, iyo Likhachev ari kuedza kutaura muchitsauko ichi - ndiko kuti adzidze kare kunogona kuvandudza yazvino muvanhu kwazvo, kumupa chimwe chinhu chitsva, inopenya uye dzinonakidza. Nzwisisa nhasi zvinogoneka chete chiitiko kuti kuzviona tikafunga zvose enhoroondo dzekare.

pamusoro njere

The Vanofadzwa muchitsauko chechipiri D. S. Lihachev? "Native Land", pfupiso zvatiri kufunga, ndiko anoperekedza upenyu vose vechidiki uye chizvarwa chevechiduku. Muchitsauko chino, Dmitry chinotarisa muverengi afunge nezvokuti vanhu vanofanira kurerwa chero mamiriro ezvinhu akangwara. Uku kunokosha kwete chete nokuti munhu asiwo boka racho ake. Iye anotaura sezvo uchapupu akakurumbira zvavanoisa kuti kukudza vabereki vavo munhu achararama refu. Pfungwa njere unosanganisira zvakawanda pfungwa dzakadai yokuremekedza gakava, akangwara pachishandiswa mumwe, mwero maitiro, achitarisira zvisikwa.

Somunhu oga Likhachev anopa muenzaniso varimi kubva North, iyo, vari zvaanofunga, vakanga zvechokwadi vakangwara. Mudzimba vakanga chaizvo vakachena, vakanga noushamwari kune vamwe, ziva sei kuteerera uye nyaya dzinonakidza, upenyu hwavo chakarairwa. Uyezve, iye anotaura kuti vaikwanisa mutsoka uye mufaro, uye nenhamo. Chii chinorehwa mubasa rake Academician Likhachev ( "Native Land"). Pfupiso yebhuku rinonzi ichatibatsira kupindura mubvunzo uyu. Zvakananga, muchitsauko chino, haisi pamusoro tsika (kazhinji kuvhiringidzwa chii rokuti "uchenjeri"), asi zvimwe unhu zvakakosha kuti munhu musimba pachayo kurera.

Usatya pusa

Chii anotiudza muchitsauko chino Likhachev? "Native Land", pfupiso zvitsauko kuti tiri kufunga, anotiudza muchikamu ichi vanhu kuzvibata sei paine ezvinhu. Kare, zvakanga vaidavira kuti kana munhu chakaitika mugomo, ipapo haafaniri kuratidza izvozvo pachena, kuti idzokere kune dzinoodza mwoyo yavo. Zvinokosha chaizvo kuti vazvibate, kwete kunyura kupinda dambudziko, tichengetedze chiremera, uye edza kunyange kuva anosetsa. Asi XIX remakore, mutemo uyu zvishoma nezvishoma akasvika pasina ari revatongi yeChina. Vechiduku vanoita Zvinoshamisa zvaionekwa yakanaka, witty, ano. Muchiitiko chino, munhu anogara anopa zvinorwadza vamwe. Constant Kuseka uye mafaro kuneta munhu. Munhu anoenda kure panyaya iyi nyore inova chigure nokuda vamwe, anorasikirwa chiremera chake, haana ainyepa.

Munhu kunokosha kudzidza majee, asi haina kutarira zvakare musoro. Pashure pezvose, unyanzvi ichi haisi chete anosimudza uremu hwako munharaunda, asi chiratidzo njere. Hazvina kuti kusetsa kuva kumativi. Izvi hazvirevi kushandisa chete zvinosetsa. Zvakakosha kushandisa mutemo uyu akasiyana nharaunda zvoupenyu, somuenzaniso, kodzero kunonga mbatya zviitiko zvakasiyana, kwete kutarisa pusa. Asi panguva imwe chete, hatifaniri kutyaira pachavo kupinda urongwa. Usanetseka nezvikanganiso zvavo - vanofanira kudzidza kuzvishandisa zvakanaka. Dzimwe nguva stutterers vave nani vakurukuri. "... edza kuzvininipisa, kunyarara." - ndizvo zvinodzidziswa D. S. Lihachev ( "Native Land"). Pfupiso yebhuku rinonzi haabvumiri kuti zvakazara kuratidza kupfuma mutauro uye nouchenjeri anowana muverengi kudzidza bhuku.

Great mune diki

Muchitsauko chino D. S. Lihachev mubvunzo chokuita chinangwa choupenyu hwevanhu. Ngatitii chinangwa. Kwatiri, zvingava rudo uye kudzivirirwa kwenyika, sezvo ambotaurwa. Asi enda chinangwa changu? Ndedzipi nzira kuita izvozvo? Chii anogona uye chii asingagoni? Musoro "Big iri diki" vaiudzwa pachavo maonero Dmitry Sergeyevich mubvunzo uyu. Akachenjera chipfuro anofanira kufukidza upenyu hwose munhu, mabhora ayo ose. Uyezve, tinofanira zvimwe shwashwa pakati chinangwa uye nzira dzinoshandiswa. Zvaanofunga pamusoro Likhachev? "Native Land" (pfupi chaizvo pfupiso mupepa) inoratidza maonero Dmitry Sergeyevich vaisagona kuva rakanyatsorurama. Anoti kuti chinangwa haana anoruramisa nzira - kungotadza chikonzero chisimba uye unzenza mabasa. Uye somunhu kuona uchapupu, iye anotaura muenzaniso Classics. Kuwedzera chaizvo, ari muenzaniso ibasa "Utsotsi uye Kurangwa" Dostoevsky raMwari, iro sowakajeka inoratidza kuti kubudirira kwakaita vachishuva kuburikidza kukanganisa vamwe kumbobvira kunobatsira.

Chii chinogona kupa anobatsira bhuku "Native Land" (Likhachev)? Executive Summary rinojekesa kuti zvicherwa tsanga mairi zvikuru - kungogara, asi disassembled. Chinhu chikuru - chido. Vadzidzisi vakanaka muRussia zvizhinji - zvikuru vanyori edu avo vakasikwa kuti zvizvarwa isingabviri pfuma, uchenjeri pfuma. chitsauko ichi chinodikanwa kuverenga munhu anoda kuita chinhu muupenyu!

Early upenyu - upenyu hwose

The musoro wechitsauko chino chebhuku wava aphorism. Uye regai munyori havasi kuziva, asi zvinorehwa nemutsara akanzwa - uye ichi zvakakosha kuti munyori. Chiizve kutaura DS Likhachev? "Native Land" (pfupiso zvitsauko zvebhuku) kuchatibatsira kuchiona. Pano, munyori anoteerera ndechokuti jaya - ndiyo yakanakisisa nguva muupenyu hwomunhu. Musafunga kuti Dmitry anoitisa kukurukurirana refu sei inotonhorera kurarama muviri muduku; kwete zvachose. Iye anosimbisa zvimwe zvinhu kuti munhu zvinowanika muduku. Somuenzaniso, munyori anoudzawo izvi zvakawanika, zviri nyore zvikuru kuti kutenga shamwari chaidzo achiri muduku. Panguva ino, chete vakaumba multi-faceted hunhu womunhu uye ake denderedzwa yokukurukurirana, izvo kazhinji anoramba hwose.

More Dmitry akati kuti munhu neshamwari nyore kuenda kuburikidza upenyu. Vanobatsira kupona zvakaoma nguva, kugoverana mufaro uye kusuwa. Chokwadi, mufaro haagoni kuva munhu kugoverana, ichi hachisi kunakidza. Asi zvakadaro munokosha kungwarira, uye murege kutora kupinda shamwari syöminen wokutanga. vanhu vakadaro vanofanira kusarudzwa nokungwarira uye nomwoyo murefu. Zviri pachena kuti kana zvakanaka ukama dzakanga, zvikuru, iri dzidziso, zvose zvinofanira kuenda zvakanaka. Kutaura zvazviri, zvinhu zvose zvikuru kuoma. Zvakakosha kunyatsotarisa kuti munhu kwakazivikanwa mamiriro ayo, zvidiki mumaitiro. Zvinokoshawo kuziva kuti shamwari yako ikasakendenga kubudirira kwevamwe. Nhamo kurarama aine shamwari haisi nesimba iwe mufaro. Kana chinhu chinoitika, tsitsi uye tsitsi woga tichigogodza mwoyo yedu. Kana munhu mukuru, yakawanda mufaro, zvakanaka, uye panguva chaizvo zvinhu zvakaipa muupenyu, varambe shamwari dzakavimbika uye vepachokwadi iri rakaoma zvikuru.

Dzidza kutaura uye kunyora

Toudza muchitsauko chino Dmitriy Sergeevich Lihachev? "Native Land", pfupiso zvatiri kufunga, achavhura pamberi pedu zvinokosha zvakavanzika zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe. Muchitsauko chino, tichadzidza pamusoro kukosha kodzero kutaura, kuona matauriro ake nemazvo uye zvakanaka kunyora. Zvisinei, nyaya iyi Likhachev anofunga pedyo kuguma chitsauko, asi kutanga tiri kutaura nezvokukosha mutauro sezvo kutanga munzanga. mutauro Russian yakataurwa makore anopfuura chiuru, ndiro imwe mitauro zvemberi. Muzana XIX remakore renyeredzi wevanyori unyanzvi akasika Zvaifadza mari yakanaka uye nemasango ndima, chaiyo nokuda mutauro! Munyori rinopa chaiyo mazwi Turgenev: "Hazvibviri kuti kudavira kuti mutauro kwakadaro akanga asina akauya zvikuru vanhu!". Izvi zvakadaro nokuti mutauro Russian chete anozvikudza siyana yakadaro uye nekupenya.

Saka chii uderedze Likhachev? Kukurukura ndechokuti, kukwanisa zvakanaka uye zvakarurama vataure zvavanofunga, munhu anogamuchira chombo simba muruoko rwake. Zvakanaka akavaka unogona kuponesa vanhu vakawanda matambudziko, uyewo kumupa chaizvo ropafadzo matsva.

Likhachev anosimbisa mutauro kuti - haasi chete nechiidzo vanhu, asi unhu wacho. Asi kana tinogona kupa mikana yakawanda kudaro, nei uchida kunyora zvakanaka? Kutaura zvazviri, kukwanisa kutaura pfungwa dzavo papepa kunokosha kwete chete kune nyanduri kana munyori. unyanzvi Izvi zvakakodzera nokuti mumwe munhu anoda kunyora tsamba, diaries, uye munoshongedza bepa nepeni. Uye kana mumwe munhu anoti zvinoda chaizvo chipo, munyori anopa shoma ZVINGANGOKUBATSIRA: kudzidza kuita.

mabhuku

Unoda kunzwisisa zviri nani zvinorehwa Likhachev? "Native Land" pfupiso (brifli) iro rinogona kuverengwa chero yakakunakira nzvimbo ichakubatsira pamwe ichi. Chikamu chino chebhuku iri yakatsaurirwa zvikuru akanaka mananara - mabhuku. Rinopa munhu mukana kuedza pamusoro womumwe basa, kuti tirarame upenyu mumwe munhu. Saka zvinobvira kuwana ruzivo yose chingatibatsira hwose. Ose munhu akadzidziswa kuva dzinovaraidza mumabhuku, kuti azive dzinenge nomusoro. Back kuti bhuku rekare, iro rinozivikanwa zvose uye kurimonyanisa kwaiitwa sei kuti kumusha kwake, uko uri achida uye kutarisirwa.

Ko isu kupa mienzaniso Likhachev ( "Native Land"). Verenga pepfupikiso brifli zvinogona munhu kuwana zvose mienzaniso kuti munyori anopa upenyu hwake. Nyaya rinoratidza ndima mashoma. Dmitry anoti udyire akamudzidzisa kuverenga Leonid George - mudzidzisi mabhuku kuchikoro. Nokuti reference, Dmitry Likhachev mumazuva apo vadzidzisi kungava ndisipo kuti mukirasi kana kwete zvachose nguva refu kuuya kwaari. Ndinogona kuita sei mune Pakadaro, mudzidzisi wake? Iye akapinda mukirasi uye akabayira kuverenga chinhu. Vana zvakabvuma, nekuti kuziva sei mudzidzisi wavo anogona kuverenga vose vakafara uye aiteerera unokwezva. Likhachev anoudzawo kuyeuka kuti, nemhaka kuverenga zvidzidzo mhando iyi, aiziva ndima dzakawanda kubva "Hondo uye Rugare", nyaya na GI De Maupassant, vamwe ngano. Kunze Kuda mabhuku, uye akarima musha: baba kana mai kazhinji verenga kwaari usiku. Panguva iyoyowo, vana havaverengi banal zvakaedza Ivan Tsarevich, uye nhoroondo enganonyorwa, mabhuku Leskov, Mamin-Sibiryak, uye vamwe "vasiri vana" pakati hachishandi.

Mumazana bhuku munyori ndiyo pfungwa munhu anofanira kuverenga chaiwo mabasa, nokuti nguva-dzakaedzwa. mabasa akadai anobatsira kunzwisisa zvirinani nyika uye vanhu. Asi Dmitry kwete prude, iye achingoramba kuti vechidiki verenga mabhuku ano. Chinhu chikuru, sezvo akadana nokuti munyori, hazvina kuita paine kupikisana kwakadaro, nokuti iyi akapedza chinokosha chinhu muupenyu - nguva yake.

kukurudzira vamwe

Chii ane mupfungwa Likhachev? "Native Land", pfupiso iyo tinodzidza muchitsauko chino anotiudza pamusoro ukama. Pano tichakurukura vanhu vanogona padzinomuka mamwe yakanakisisa zvinhu. It zvicharehwawo akati vaya nomuitiro avo pave zvakamupoteredza denderedzwa hasha uye ndakasuruvara vanhu. Likhachev vanoti tinofanira kukwanisa kuwana chinhu chakanaka uye mune ose munhu: munyika yekare, uninteresting, vakasuruvara. Zvakakosha kuti kukwanisa kunyange kuwana gnarled granny sociability, kuderedza uye kunyemwerera.

Zvikurukuru vakwegura anoteerera huru Likhachev. "Native Land" (pfupiso zvitsauko kubva mubhuku) rinotiudza kuti yekare vanhu kakawanda aitaurisa. Asi ichi hachisi zvatinosiita talkativeness - kazhinji ndivo zvinoshamisa storyteller. Uyewo, vanhu ava rangarira yakawanda yakasiyana zviitiko, nziyo uye hilarious ezvinhu: ivo chete kazhinji kubvunza. Zvakakosha kufuratira zvinokanganiswa vanhu, nekuti vakanga vari ikoko wose. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya chero chaiko vakaremara kana zera. Asi, vanofanira kumisa ushamwari ukama vakwegura, nekuti vakasiya haana kurarama - ndizvo zvinodzidziswa Likhachev. "Native Land" zvizere uye pfupiso - zvinhu zvakasiyana zvachose. Kana uchifarira nyaya musoro mumwechete, zviri nani kuverenga basa rose uye kuwana guru ruzivo uye uchenjeri Likhachev.

ndangariro

Memory - ichi zvinokosha, uye okusika kwacho uropi hwomunhu. A kuziva chokwadi chokuti munhu anoyeuka zvose zvaitika kwaari panguva upenyu: kunyange tanga makore. ruzivo urwu hazvisi nyore kuwana kubva pakadzika ndangariro, asi zviri ipapo. Iyi pfungwa basa iri nguva dzose kushingaira, Chokwadi zvinoita munhu kukura, kufunga, kuita, kuchinja. Sei ndinonyora chitsauko ichi D. S. Lihachev ( "Native Land"). Pfupiso yebhuku rinonzi rinojekesa kuti pfungwa iri kuti ibudise mashoko kuti kuyeuka vaisazova - paizova chinhu!

Zviri chete kuyeuka angakudzivisai nguva. Kunyange kana vamwe ndangariro vakadzima, vanogona kunyorwa. Nemhaka yake, kare inova chikamu chipo uye remangwana, uye vakutarisire. Unoda kudzidza zvakawanda aifunga nezvazvo Likhachev? "Native Land", pfupiso riri anenge zvakakwana, haazobvumiri kuti sika pfungwa nemunyori. Zvinokosha kuti kuverenga chigadzirwa ndechimwe chidimbu uye pasina dzongonyedzo - sezvo Council pachayo Likhachev ( "Native Land"). Verenga pepfupikiso brifli yakakodzera chaizvo, nokuti pane zvose chikuru zvichemo, asi kuti hazvina kukwana zvizere nhau ruzivo.

Munyori Kunosimbisawo kuti pasina ndangariro haana hana. Kutaura zvazviri, pasina muitiro uyu mupfungwa dzedu, nzanga angadai akaramba ari chinyakare azvipire kukura! Ndicho kuyeuka uchityaira simba kuti runotigombedzera kuenzanisa uye vafunga kuita nani.

Achipfupikisa migumisiro yacho, ndinoda kutaura: "! Maita Dmitry Likhachev". "Native Land" (pfupiso brifli) - iri mupiro zvikuru kukura yose nenzanga, inova zvisingaiti kufungidzira, nekuti ndizvo nzwisisika uye akapfuma. Kunyange zvakadaro, tarenda emunyori zvinonyanya yokusafa Dmitry Likhachev ... kana iye anoziva sei kuti vataure zvavaifunga? Zvakanaka, kana kunyora saka havadi tarenda, uye chete kuziva sei kutaura, Saka, zvichida, ndiko kudzidza. Bhuku rino - zvakawanikwa chaicho vakanga vasiri nezvemadzimambo nhamba sezvo Likhachev, uyewo navose vari kutsvaka mumwe mudzidzisi chaiye akadaro.