Einstein Nobel Prize pamusana dzidziso yacho photoelectric kushanda

Munhoroondo yenyika sayenzi zvakaoma kuwana musayendisiti zvakafanana pose sezvo Albert Einstein. Zvisinei, nzira yake mukurumbira uye kuzivikanwa kwaisava nyore. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti Nobel Prize Albert Einstein akagamuchira chete pashure remuSamoa nominated kwake kupfuura 10 nguva.

Brief oupenyu mashoko

Albert Einstein akaberekwa musi March 14, 1879 muguta wokuGermany Ulm Jewish pakati-kirasi mhuri imwe. baba vake pakutanga mubasa kugadzirwa nepanhovo, uye pashure kutamira Munich akazarura chakasimba kuchinjanisa magetsi.

Mumakore 7 Albert yakatumwa chikoro Catholic uye tobva chesekondari, iyo zvino unobereka zita musayendisiti kukuru. Maererano ake vomukirasi nevadzidzisi, haana kuratidza kuda zvikuru kudzidza uye aiva mukuru hwakawanda chete masvomhu uye chiLatin. Muna 1896, Einstein aiva kuedza wechipiri akapinda Polytechnic pamusoro Zurich ari rorusununguko Education, nekuti aida pakupedzisira kushanda somudzidzisi wefizikisi. Ikoko chose nguva yakawanda pakudzidza Maxwell kuti remagetsi dzidziso. Kunyange asina kumboona Einstein kwaishamisa kugona vakanga vasingachakwanisi, panguva chikoro, hapana vadzidzisi havana kuda kumuona somubatsiri wake. Papera musayendisiti akati muna Zurich Polytechnic iye pavhurike uye dzinotyorwa kuti yakazvimirira hunhu.

Pakutanga nzira kuti nyika mbiri

Ndapedza chikoro chesekondari Albert Eynshteyn kugona kuwana basa uye kunyange nenzara. Zvisinei, panguva iyi akanyora uye akabudisa basa rake rokutanga.

Muna 1902, musayendisiti mukuru ramangwana akatanga kushanda Patent Office. 3 Kwapera makore, akabudisa ari kutungamirira magazini yokuGermany "yenhau Physics" nyaya 3, vakazochinja zvaizivikanwa harbinger chimurenga nesayenzi. Mavari, akavadudzira zviga dzidziso relativity, chinokosha quantum pfungwa iyo pashure yakabuda pakati photoelectric chaizvoizvo Einstein kuti dzidziso, uye pfungwa dzake pamusoro Statistical rondedzero Brownian inofamba.

The echimurenga hunhu pfungwa Einstein raMwari

All 3 Nyaya musayendisiti, rakabudiswa muna 1905 mu "yenhau Physics", akava nyaya huru kukurukura navo. zvirokwazvo Ideas waanobayira munharaunda nesayenzi, vakakodzera kuunza Albertu Eynshteynu Nobel Prize. Zvisinei, havana pakarepo kuti kuzivikanwa zvedzidzo yeChina. Kana chikamu masayendisiti zvinonyatsoteerera kutsigira shamwari, vakaona boka guru yefizikisi avo, sezvo experimenters, kunodiwa kupa migumisiro empirical zvidzidzo.

The Nobel Prize

Alfred Nobel Nguva pfupi asati afa yakakurumbira zvombo magnate akanyora zvaanoda, zvichienderana iyo pfuma yayo hwakatamisirwa Special Fund. Sangano iri raiva kuitisa kusarudzwa musarudzo uye chinopiwa gore negore kuti guru mari mibayiro kune vaya "vakagadza kubatsira zvikuru vanhu", kuita zvinokosha kuwana mune wefizikisi, kemisitiri, uye physiology kana mushonga. Uyezve, mibayiro vakanga paakavapa kune musiki zvikuru mabasa mabhuku, uyewo kuita kuti nenzvimbo marudzi, kuti rutapudzo dzemauto uye "runyararo congresses."

In zvaanoda, Nobel vakaparadzana pfungwa vakarayira kuti nomination pakati musarudzo havana zvinosanganisira urudzi kwavo, nekuti havadi ake mubayiro politicized.

nguva yokutanga iyo Nobel mibayiro mhemberero rakaitwa 1901. Mumakore gumi anotevera razova vakundi vakadaro kunoshamisa yefizikisi se:

• Wilhelm rontgen ;
• Hendrik Lorentz;
• Pieter Zeeman;
• Antuan Bekkerel;
• Per Kyuri;
• Mariya Kyuri;
• John Uilyam Strett;
• Philipp Lenard;
• Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson;
• Albert Abraham Michelson;
• Gabriel Lippmann;
• Guglielmo Marconi;
• Karl Braun.

Albert Einstein uye Nobel Prize: wokutanga chiwedzerwa

Kokutanga musayendisiti huru nominated kuti mubayiro ichi muna 1910. Ake "GODFATHER" akahwina Mubayiro mu kemisitiri Vilgelm Ostvald. Zvinofadza kuti kwemakore 9 asati chiitiko ichi, yokupedzisira akaramba kutora Einstein kubasa. In mharidzo yake akasimbisa kuti dzidziso relativity chinhu zvikuru zvesayenzi uye mumuviri, kwete nharo chete kwouzivi sezvo vatsoropodzi ayo akaedza kupa Einstein. Mumakore akatevera, Ostwald akaramba akadzivirira pfungwa iyi maonero, zvakare kungoita izvozvo kwemakore akawanda.

The Nobel Komiti yaramba Einstein kuti candidacy, pamwe mashoko kuti dzidziso relativity asingadi dzinoenderana chaizvo kune chimwe chaizvozvo zvinodiwa. Zvikurukuru, yakanga yakati kuti zvakakodzera kumirira inonyatsojekesa ayo experimental chisimbiso.

Chero zvakanga, muna 1910, mubayiro akanga paakavapa Yanu Van der Waals ehondo, nokuti Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva mukana wokuti vanhu vanga wehurumende nokuda magasi uye mvura.

Kufambira mumakore tevera

Mumakore akatevera 10 makore, Alberta Eynshteyna Nobel Prize nominated anenge ose gore kunze 1911 uye 1915 makore. Panguva iyoyowo muchigara unhu basa kuti Aifanira zvakadaro repamusoro mubayiro inoratidza Pfungwa relativity. Hazvina chokwadi ichi zvakakonzera chokuti kunyange vomuzuva kazhinji akabvunza, sezvo Nobel Prize akanga paakavapa kuna Einstein.

Zvinosuruvarisa 3 5 nhengo Nobel Committee vaibva Swedish Uppsala University, inozivikanwa chikoro chacho simba dzesayenzi, izvo vamiririri vakaita kufambira mberi kukuru mune kunatsiridza zvishandiso uye experimental nzira. Ndivo chaizvo kunyumwa yakaisvonaka theorists. "Akatambudzwa" avo akanga asiri oga Einstein. The Nobel Prize asina paakavapa kunoshamisa musayendisiti Anri Puankare, uye Maks nepuranga kurigamuchira muna 1919, pashure kurefu.

kuora kwezuva

Sezvambotaurwa, ruzhinji yefizikisi akabvunza experimental kusimbisa dzidziso relativity. Zvisinei, panguva dzino hazvibviri. Sun akabatsira. Chokwadi ndechokuti kuti ritsigire Kururama Einstein pfungwa kwaidiwa kufanotaura maitiro ane chinhu ane gobvu guru. Nokuti ichi chinangwa akanakisisa akakodzera zuva. Kwakasarudzwa kuti azive nzvimbo yenyeredzi panguva kuora kwezuva, waiva kuitika November 1919, uye enzanisa pamwechete "kuipa". Results vaifanira kuratidza kana kusaratidza kuvapo spatio-rwepanyama kusarurama, kunobva dzidziso relativity.

nzendo dzakarongwa panheyo chitsuwa uye munzvimbo dzinopisa kweBrazil. Kuyerwa akaitira 6 maminitsi kusvikira mwedzi dzakapfuura, vakanga ndiongororwe Mukutirwa. Somugumisiro, Newton kwakaita dzekare Pfungwa pamusoro inert nzvimbo vakundikana uye akasvimha Einstein.

ndangariro

1919 yaiva nguva kuchakunda Einstein. Kunyange Lorentz, vakanga vari pfungwa dzake kusava nechokwadi, vakaona kukosha kwavo. Panguva imwe chete Niels Bohr uye 6 ndipo nevamwe masayendisiti, aiva nekodzero sarudza nevamwe nokuda Nobel Prize, akataura rutsigiro Alberta Eynshteyna.

Zvisinei, mune zvematongerwo enyika akapindira. Kunyange zvazvo zvaiva pachena kuti waikudzwa kupfuura nominee - Einstein, Nobel Prize muna Physics nokuda 1920 yakanga paakavapa Sharlyu Eduardu Guillaume kuongorora kuti anomalies mu nickel alloys uye simbi.

Kunyange zvakadaro, gakava mberi, uye zvaiva pachena kuti nyika vemunharaunda rwausingazonzwisisi kana musayendisiti akasiya isina zvakakodzera mubayiro.

The Nobel Prize uye Einstein

Muna 1921, nhamba masayendisiti akafunga candidature ari musiki dzidziso relativity, yakasvika kwamvura yacheka makumbo. For Einstein akavhotera vanhu 14 vakanga pamutemo kodzero sarudza musarudzo. Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru nhengo Royal Swedish Society Mukutirwa mutsamba yake kunyange akamuenzanisa Newton uye akati runopfuura vomuzuva ake ose.

Zvisinei, Nobel Committee akakumbira kuti mharidzo iri kukosha dzidziso relativity weNobel Zvemishonga nokuda 1911 Alvar Gullstrand. musayendisiti ichi, purofesa ophthalmology pana Uppsala University, uye rinooneka vakatsoropodza Einstein kuti kuverenga nokunyora. Zvikurukuru, akataura kuti vaikunga chechiedza danda haagoni kunzi nomuedzo Alberta Eynshteyna dzidziso yechokwadi. Akakurudzirawo haana kufunga umboo zvakawanika yakaitwa noruremekedzo kuti muchadenga pakati Mercury. Uyezve, zviri kunyanya dzinoronga chokuti nokureba tambo siyana anogona siyana zvichienderana nokuti kana kwete kubvongodzwa yokuongorora, uye pakukurumidza anochiita.

Somugumisiro, Einstein Nobel Prize muna 1921, asina paakavapa, uye kwakasarudzwa kwete mubayiro munhu.

1922

Save chiso Nobel Committee akabatsira yefizikisi Karl Vilgelm Oseen kubva University of Uppsala. Akaita kubva chokwadi kuti hazvina basa, nekuti icho Einstein akagamuchira Nobel Prize. Panyaya iyi, iye akataura kuti paakavapa "nokuda kuwanikwa murayiro photoelectric kushanda."

Oseen wo zano nhengo komiti kuti panguva 22th mhemberero akanga paakavapa kwete chete Einstein. The Nobel Prize mugore anotangira 1921 ndipo wakapiwa kwete E ichi chaiva mukana kupemberera nebudiriro masayendisiti maviri. The weNobel wechipiri akanga Niels Bohr.

Einstein kupotsa pamutemo mhemberero Nobel Prize. Kutaura kwake akati gare gare, uye rakanga rakazvipira dzidziso relativity.

Zvino kuti munoziva Einstein akagamuchira Nobel Prize. Nguva yaratidza kukosha Zvakawanikwa musayendisiti nyika nesayenzi. Kunyange kana Einstein Nobel Prize haana paakavapa, achiri kunge aenda pasi yenhau nhoroondo yenyika sezvo munhu akachinja mufananidzo vanhu pamusoro nzvimbo uye nguva.