Kugadzirira amoniya murabhoritari uye mumaindasitiri pakafunuka

Amoniya (NH3) ndiro makemikari remubatanidzwa rehydrogen rine senitrogen. Yakasvika zita rayo kubva pashoko rechiGiriki «hals ammniakos» kana Latin «Sal ammoniacus» iyo anoshandura Odinokova - "amoniya". Zviri fuma inonzi Ammonium chloride rwaiwanikwa ari Libyan mugwenga Ammonium.

Amoniya anoonekwa ane muchetura chaizvo nenhumbi kuti inokwanisa muchishungurudza ari mucous membranes kwemaziso uye kufema turakiti. The chikuru zviratidzo amoniya chepfu ari kunyanya lacrimation, dyspnea uye pulmonary kuzvimba. Panguva iyoyowo, amoniya - chinokosha namakemikari iro zvikuru kushandiswa achigadzirira inorganic acids, semuenzaniso, nitric, cyanide, uyewo urea uye senitrogen munyu. Liquid amoniya - ndiyo yakanaka kushanda svikiro refrigerated midziyo uye michini, sezvo ane guru chaizvo kupisa vaporization. Aqueous amoniya mhinduro anoshandiswa sezvo mvura fetiraiza uyewo nokuda ammoniation superphosphate fetiraiza, uye wemisanganiswa dzaro.

Kugadzirira amoniya kubva flue gasi panguva coking ndiyo nzira inonyanya ekare uye zvinowanikwa zvikuru, asi kufambidzana nayo rapera uye ari kushanda kushandiswa.

Modern uye inokosha nzira iri kubudisa amoniya ari indasitiri inobva Haber muitiro. Chaizvoizvo Its vanoshandiswa kusakarongeka pakati senitrogen uye rehydrogen, kunoitika pamusana kutendeutsa yeHydrocarbon magasi. The feedstock yemanyorero kuzviratidza negasi, magasi, peturu achinatsa, peturu magasi vaipfuura residual magasi kugadzirwa acetylene. Nzira hwokubereka amoniya kutendeuka kunoratidzwa decomposing ari methane uye homologs aro marefu tembiricha zvinoumba hydrogen uye carbon monoxide pamwe oxidants - okisijeni uye mvura mhute. Kana gasi iri admixed kune convertible okisijeni-zvakapfumisa mhepo, kana mumhepo mhepo. Pakutanga, maitiro inobereka amoniya pahwaro ari vakatendeutswa gasi runoyerera kubva pakupisa, asi pamwe vasanyanye Vhoriyamu kutanga zvibereko kuita:

N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 + 45,9 KJ

Zvisinei, kugadzirwa amoniya pamusoro muindasitiri pamwero rinoitwa kushandisa anowedzera uye pasi chakagadzirwa ezvinhu hunoita kuwedzera zvibereko rakapera chigadzirwa. Mumhepo, apo kugadzirwa amoniya kunowedzera kumanikidzirwa 350 atmospheres, uye tembiricha inokwira kusvika 500 Celsius. Under izvi ezvinhu, zvibereko amoniya - vanenge 30%. Gas abviswa zvakaitwa mapazi Via kutonhora nzira, uye senitrogen uye rehydrogen, asina akaita vari vakadzokera kwetunhu mbiru uye anogona zvakare kubatanidzwa zvaiitwa. Panguva kwetunhu zvakakosha chaizvo kuchenesa gasi musanganiswa kubva tiwedzere chepfu, zvinhu vanokwanisa chakunodzikisira chiito catalysts. zvinhu akadaro mvura mhute, CO, sezvo, P, Se, O2, S.

Sezvo tiwedzere ari senitrogen uye rehydrogen usage siyana anoshanda porous simbi chiwanikwa kuti aruminiyamu uye potassium oxides. Chete pafuma zvose zviuru 20 kare vakaedza, inowana zvakanyatsoenzana zvakaitwa. Pfungwa iyi yokuwana amoniya ndiyo mari.

Kugadzirira amoniya murabhoritari inobva misha michina kubva Ammonium munyu vakasimba alkalis. Schematically, maitiro ari sezvinotevera:

2NH4CI + Ca (OH) 2 = 2NH3 ↑ + CaCl2 + 2H2O

kana

NH4Cl + NaOH = NH3 ↑ + NaCl + H2O

Kubvisa zvakawandisa unyoro uye yakaoma amoniya, zviri vakayambuka musanganiswa yavaibvisa hydroxide uye madota. Preparation akaoma chaizvo amoniya zvinoitwa Kuparadzwa yavaibvisa simbi mairi kwaizotevera DISTILLATION pakati musanganiswa. Muzviitiko zvizhinji siyana vakadaro kuitwa mune namahwindo ezvinhu pasi Vacuum simbi. Uyezve, zvakadai hurongwa anofanira kutsungirira yakakwirira kumanikidzwa iyo kunoitwa anobuda amoniya vapor 10 atmospheres pa nzvimbo tembiricha.