Animal zvomukati, nhengo hurongwa: tsananguro, mienzaniso

A mhenyu muviri - ndiko kwegadziriro interconnected nadzo uye munyama. Kuburikidza ravo kwakarongeka basa mhuka ishande zvakanaka. Uye hazvina basa kuti pane chii padanho pakukura ndiwo muviri. Musiyano chete ndechokuti vamiririri fauna of zvingave zvakasiyana zvokukura shanduka uye, naizvozvo, nhengo mhuka, nenhengo dzawo uyewo anosiyana panyaya maumbirwo uye kushanda. Izvi zvinobva nheyo phylogeny.

Sechivako miviri mhuka

nhengo akawanda zvakafanana redunhu mamiriro: connective zvinyama mumuhara, kuti tsandanyama rukoko uye yomukati rukoko. Zvichienderana oparesheni uye mashandiro anoita akaturikidzana izvi zvinogona kwazvo yakatanga, ndisipo kana vaisanganisa nedzimwe nzvimbo.

Havasi vose nyama mhuka anoumba nhengo. Somuenzaniso, coelenterates uye sechipanji, flatworms vakanga vachiri panguva zvinyama nenhanho sangano.

Biology. zvoutachiona maitiro

Pakutanga, muviri zvinenge yaiva masero kusiyaniswa. Mune shanduka kwemiviri mhuka dzakaumbwa, nenhengo dzawo. Avo akasiyana functionality, asi basa ravo nechinangwa chete pane chimwe chinhu - kuchengeta nguva dzose pakati dzomunyika kwezvakatipoteredza muviri uye sevamwe upenyu.

Govera zvinotevera nhego nehurongwa:

1. kweropa.

2. mumatumbu.

3. zvetsandanyama nemapfupa.

4. Excretion.

5. Mweya.

6. kwemakemikari anobudiswa.

7. huta.

8. Activities.

9. hurongwa anonzwa.

The kweropa maitiro emhuka

Kweropa maitiro anotanga kuoneka annelids, uye vane nayo vakavhara mhando. Two mudziyo mukuru - dorsal uye ventral. Ivo vakabatana pamberi honye muviri migero simba iyo trivially kunzi "mwoyo", asi hazvina kuparadzana masangano, asi vanhuwo midziyo, masvingo ane gobvu paiva tsandanyama tishu.

Humwe shanduka zvomukati rakanga rakaita sezvinotevera:

- zvose Mhando mhuka kusvika uye kusanganisira dzemugungwa kweropa hurongwa pachena mhando;

- the golovohordovyh mamiriro namahwindo mhando, asi asina mwoyo;

- kubva cyclostomes (hagfish, lampreys) rinowanikwa dvukamernoe mwoyo;

- amphibians uye zvinokambaira matatu-chambered mwoyo, ropa riri yakavhenganiswa;

- shiri uye mhuka, mwoyo 4-yokuvata, kuitira kuti vanogona kuramba kugara muviri tembiricha (homeothermic).

alimentary maitiro

Zvomudumbu maitiro wokutanga akarondedzera flatworms (muchimiro namahwindo makwara). Horo ikoko. Zvadaro, zvomukati mhuka kunge wakashanduka-shanduka sezvinotevera:

- the roundworms rinowanika chichipinda intestinal chubhu: hindgut uye horo (ari mundege kwaingova mbiri ura);

- the annelids vakaumba karusiyamu mate omumuviri, ane chikuru basa - manyowa kubva detritus;

- arthropods kumberi uye pakati ura zviri mudungwe pamwe chitin anoshongwa;

- the Amphioxus rinowanika hepatic outgrowth;

- mu nehove cartilaginous - helical vharafu ari ura duku, ayo basa - kuwedzera kubvisa pamusoro;

- humwe shanduka rakanga riri kuwedzera ura, uye somugumisiro, nokuwedzera kubvisa nzvimbo.

Locomotor midziyo

Zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa ine mbiri hurongwa: kuti marangwanda uye tsandanyama. The marangwanda anoita somunhu rutsigiro, uye tsandanyama anokonzera sangano iri nzvimbo. kuchangobva shanduka raiva Kusiyanisa guru uye rutapudzo metameric urongwa.

1. The marangwanda anooneka cyclostomes.
2. In cartilaginous hove cartilaginous izvozvo, vazhinji hove mhou - mapfupa.
3. With landfall mu amphibians kuonekwa-neminwe shanu maoko nemakumbo, mapfupa kuva vakasununguka makumbo nomuzongoza itsva.
4. Zvinokambaira akaumba bhokisi.
5. In shiri, pane zvakawanda kuchinja skeletal chivako maererano zano kubhururuka.
6. In mhuka, pane yokupedzisira Kusiyanisa repfupa.

excretory maitiro

Izvo kucheka pane nhengo mhuka? Nhengo hurongwa uyewo anosanganisira secretion gadziriro, riri basa chokubvisa pamuviri metabolic zvigadzirwa, muchetura uye inobaya.

- flatworms excretory hurongwa anomiririrwa protonephridia.

- In annelids kare metanephridia.

- In arthropods kuonekwa mumasero manyoro, Malpighian sepombi.

- We dzemugungwa - Kidney.

- All zvinotevera mhando (kuti hove) musoro itsvo.

- In hove uye amphibians mesonephros.

In zvose, sezvo zvinokambaira uye anopera mhuka, mabasa aya akaita pelvic itsvo.

kufema maitiro

It anoita mashandiro kugaya okisijeni kwezvakatipoteredza. First rinowanikwa arthropods.

- In crustaceans kufema ezvinhu anomiririrwa gills.

- Nezvipembenene - the trachea.

- mu mollusks - chiedza inoumbwa jasi mhango.

- Mhuka dzose yemubatanidzwa hove kune kufema hurongwa - zviri gills.

- Frogs yakatanga saccular mumapapu.

- nezvinokambaira - cellular.

- Birds - chirambe chakapfava.

- mhuka - alveolar zvemapapu.

tsinga

Tsinga chinobatanidza dzimwe nhengo enyika mune rimwe muviri, achipa anonongedzera uye nokudzora kushanda neimwe mugove.

Tsinga yacho diffuse mhando iri coelenterates.

- flatworms ortogon kana tsinga manera.

- Do roundworms peripharyngeal tsinga mhete uye tsinga hunde dzacho.

- In annelids peripharyngeal tsinga mhete uye ventral tsinga netambo.

- In arthropods pane musoro ganglion uye anoramba ari ventral etsinga netambo.

- At mhesano clams tsinga.

- Pane rinowanika golovohordovyh rokuwedzera Neural chubhu pamberi kuguma muviri.

- The hove secrete mativi ose uropi.

Uyezve zvinokambaira pane kutanga cerebral cortex.

In mhuka, pane pfungwa convolutions.

dzokubereka nadzo

dzokubereka nadzo basa - kunotamba pachavo mhando kwavo. Dzokubereka nadzo anogona kuva munhurume kana munhukadzi, pane hermaphrodites (annelids, mollusks). Vakadzi maitiro akaita vakashanduka zvishoma nezvishoma. Huru nhengo dziri dumbu, fallopian sepombi, ovaries. parasitic Makonye Vazhinji kuoneka kunyange ootype uye yokuwedzera kenza: mapuroteni, asi mondo.

Male dzokubereka nadzo ine testes uye vas deferens. Next, urume vanosunungurwa kuburikidza copulatory nhengo kunze kana ari munhukadzi sikarudzi.

mhedziso

We akatarira chii vari nhengo zvemhuka. nenhengo dzawo basa rinokosha Pakuchengeta chakaipa upenyu zvachose chero munhu, murume kana nehonye. Kana mumwe gadziriro iri kushanda zvakanaka, kuramba homeostasis yacho muviri.

Vana zvipenyu kirasi kudzidza maumbirwo zvipenyu. Visual zvinhu zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuyeuka Zvinoonekwa zvomukati mhuka. Pamahwandefa akasiyana gadziriro dzinogona kuwanikwa chero kudzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu.