Mararamiro ose paMaare. Vatengi uye zvinoumba kumafuro zvinhu zvipenyu

Mararamiro - vanzwisise kuti rinotsanangura mamiriro ukama mukati chero nenzanga zvipenyu, interconnected dzinogarisana ( "oikos" (Gr) -. "Vachigara" uye "mamiriro").

Saka, Patinoongorora ukama pakati miti, mhuka, tupukanana, mabhakitiriya vaigara wemarudzi nzvimbo, tichiti vose ichi - mararamiro ose paMaare.

Natural zvinhu zvipenyu: systematization mumapoka

Vanogona dziya sezvinotevera:

1. Ground - achinaya mvura, taiga, Deciduous masango, nomumatondo, gwenga.

2. Freshwater - nzizi, madziva, reservoirs, anezvimiti, marshy mvura.

3. Marine - Ocean pasherefu, upwelling (nzvimbo ine taridzai kwakadzama yomugungwa zhinji), estuary (muromo Nzizi inoyerera ichipinda mumakungwa uye nyanza), kuti kumboongororwa.

Zvinhu zvipenyu zvinogona zvinotevera size:

• micro - zvikuru diki (semuenzaniso, doro hummock);

• meso - svikiro saizi (zvingava Somuenzaniso, imwe wemarudzi, kana dziva);

• makro - guru chaizvo (ocean kana kondinendi);

• Global - pasi.

Uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. zvinoumba ari mararamiro ezvinhu zviripo uye zvakasikwa zvinhu

Chero mararamiro ine kutaridza biotic zvinoriumba: asi zvipenyu kuti mairi, uye abiotic (non-chipenyu) - munhu chicherwa, makemikari ivhu, senitrogen, carbon, mvura.

Natural zvinoita pave zvisina kunanga kuti kukura munharaunda yezvinhu zvipenyu, shoma nzvimbo ino. Iri gwenya nemwaranzi, mwando, tembiricha muenzaniso mhepo nevezera.

Zvakakodzera kutaura munhu kupindira muupenyu munharaunda - zviri zvinhu nevanhu kuti havagoni chete kuchinja mararamiro, asi kuti amuparadze.

Meadows: systematization

Ochadhi kunzi kukunyimai nzvimbo, vashoma vane uswa. MuRussia, Mafuro rakagara richidudzirwa rakakamurwa zvinokosha (dzinongoitika dzinongoitika) uye chakagadzirwa. (Zvinobva kutenderera, kunyanya tinned chaicho nguva).

Native nomumatondo vave vachitevera tsika inoshandiswa haying uye zvigare mombe. Anopa mupfumi gohwo wemiriwo uye wemarudzi mararamiro pachayo rinotsigira kudiwa refu-upenyu ukama zvipenyu. Njodzi dzakadaro ndima seva kukurwa kwevhu, vashoma vane underbrush (pedyo dondo) uye kupararira masora. Native uswa kushoma uye zvishoma.

Chakagadzirwa Mafuro munzvimbo zvaiona zvinobva chirimwa kutenderera minda kana akazviratidza pashure kwemiti. Vari seeded perennial rekushongedzesa, iyo kupa soro goho. Kuramba kuongorora mamiriro ivhu, zvichiita anodiwa chicherwa uye Organic fetiraiza. Meadows mararamiro hazvisi zvakasiyana zvepanyama, akasika uye vakaramba chete artificially.

Nokuti zvigare anoshandiswa zvose zvakasikwa uye chakagadzirwa Mafuro. Kodzero anoonekwa kuparara dzakadaro mune zvekutepfenyura kuti humwewo kushandiswa, hunobvumira uswa viomak rakadzorerwa.

Biotic zvinoriumba Mafuro mararamiro

Meadow ndezvaiye svikiro kukura munharaunda zvipenyu, saka rinoumbwa ose zvinhu kuri mumashoko mumwe wavo.

Vagari dzinonzi nomumatondo zvinhu zvipenyu biotic zvinoriumba. Maererano wokurera kupatsanura, ndiwo vaburitsi, vatengi uye decomposers.

1. ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (основа любого органического вещества). Producers - ndivo miti kuti exchange rezuva simba kuburikidza photosynthesis isomer shuga C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ (chawo chero makemikari fuma).

2. Consuments - vatengi ochadhi mararamiro, tichiverenga miti, tumbuyu kana dzimwe mhuka.

3. Decomposers - ndivo zvipenyu Tidzidze akafa makemikari nyaya.

vaburitsi mafuro

Chirimwa chikuru mumafuro - uswa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pane imwe mativi mita anogona kuvapo parutivi anenge zana zvirimwa zvakasiyana.

Basic wemarudzi rekushongedzesa - zviyo (anenge makumi mana marudzi). It Timoti, tsvuku fescue uye wemarudzi, rye uswa, wemichero uswa, bluegrass , wemarudzi foxtail, wemarudzi brome, vakakotamisa chena. Vanoumba munyoro guru, vanopa akanaka turf, kukura zvishoma nezvishoma muchirimo, mumatsutso kukura zvakare (vapiwa nemigumisiro). miti iyi - rezasi weDanho pakati paMaare.

Akatevera inonyanya wemarudzi - bhinzi (kubvira gumi namashanu maviri marudzi): Clover, pizi, chinzvimbo. Ivo kupfumisa ivhu senitrogen. Ndiyo weDanho wechipiri.

Rekushongedzesa ndivo miti mhuri Umbelliferae, Labiatae, buttercup, clove - ndiye zvikurukuru weDanho rechitatu.

Grass - wokutanga unokosha link ngetani zvokudya, nyika nharaunda. No Kunze nomumatondo mararamiro. Mhuka (herbivorous mhuka), tumbuyu, shiri kudya zvose hanyanisi uye mbeu. The zvakawanda Nyati rekushongedzesa mumafuro, zvikuru zvinogona vatengi anogona kumira panzvimbo iyi.

consuments

Vatengi mararamiro Mafuro rakakamurwa varayirwa zvitatu:

1. Kuti yevatengi (vanoshandisa) vomuzana kurongeka ndivo vamiririri fauna of zvakananga kufudza vaburitsi (vagadziri), kureva zvirimwa. Izvi Zvipembenene (kungozvifunga, nyuchi, hozhwa), herbivorous mhuka (nemakonzo, mombe, namabhiza, namakwai, nembudzi, tsuro), ochadhi shiri (zvihuta, shiri, hwari).

2. Hurongwa wechipiri kutakura consuments carnivores, herbivores kudya. It makava, hedgehogs, insectivorous shiri (wagtail, corncrake, snipe, Tit, makumi mana) uye kunyange madandaude.

3. By wechitatu hurongwa yevatengi vari carnivores, vachidya carnivores. Izvi shiri (kestrel, harrier, nezizi, nenjerere) uye mhuka (semuenzaniso, makava).

Vanoparadza Mafuro mararamiro

Chero cheni zvokudya zvinofanira kuvharwa, zvinonzi kukonzerwa Zvinonzi kubereka. Naizvozvo, panofanira kuva zvinenge vanokwanisa kunozvidzisa zvose Organic residues. еструкторами. Dzinonzi decomposers, kana D estruktorami. Yavanobata rinokosha chaizvo basa - zviri yezvakaita medics, vakavhara biogeochemical kutenderera.

Varipi zvisaririra? Izvi akafa pasi pevhu (midzi) pakati zvinomera, rawa matsutso mashizha, akafa (kana chero chirwere, kana akafa, kana wapedza muitiro chokuvapo), shiri nemhuka, shiri, tsvina, mhuka uye vanhu. Vose simba-mupfumi uyu makemikari nyaya, inonzi detritus.

Mararamiro ose nomumatondo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kurarama zvinotevera mhuka zvokudya pamusoro detritus (detritophages):

• shiri - makondo, magora, rarira, jackdaws;

• Zvipembenene - masvosve, zvipembenene mazana, kukura pevhu, namazvizvi zvipembenene, centipedes maviri-vaviri;

• earthworms.

Zvose pamusoro vamiririri wemarudzi kasvisto kazhinji zviri vatengi, kugara ari oga niche mune vakuru vakuru yevatengi. Unoparadza vakasara akafa uye pakudaro akanatsa zvakatipoteredza, vanosiya shure yakasimba undigested residues (tsvina).

decomposers mafuro

Ochadhi rekushongedzesa, vari vaburitsi nokuti kukura kwavo utore kubva muvhu yakanyauka mairi zvicherwa.

On nyika (kusanganisira wemarudzi) zvicherwa zvinhu kupinda muvhu nzira mbiri - biotic uye abiotic.

1. Zvakasikwa chete notumwe uye ivhu tusingaoneki vakakwanisa kutendeutsa zvakaoma Organic yeimwe kupinda nyore inorganic uye Organic. Ndivo decomposers chikuru pano zvinhu zvipenyu. nzira iyi biotic.

2. Zvokuimba Kuvhiringidza (Ndinoda-nyungudika), zvemakemikari uye photochemical siyana kuitika zvakasikwa, ari dzikwanise kunzwisisa Organic yeimwe iripo decomposers nyore Organic uye inorganic. Iyi inzira abiotic nzira.