Mhando Organic zvinhu isomerism

Isomerism - a panzvimbo inokosha cho pakati mishonga, nokuti marongerwo uye dzidziso yacho Morekuru anoenderana ehupfumi ayo. Mhando isomers uyewo zvakakurumbira maumbirwo zvinhu sohunobishairira kudzidza nanhasi.

Isomers uye isomerization: chii?

Tisati nokuongorora mhando mikuru isomerism, zvakafanira kuti tizive chii rinoreva. Zvinonzi ichaongororwa kuti isomerism ndiye Chiitiko kuti kana makemikari mukomboni (kana isomers) zvakasiyana marongerwo uye urongwa kwemaatomu, asi zvisinei vanoonekwa ne imwe nziyo uye samolecular uremu.

Kutaura zvazviri, shoko rokuti "isomerization" akazviratidza zvesayenzi hakusi kare. emakore anoverengeka akapfuura, yakanga akacherechedza kuti vamwe zvinhu pamwe chete parameters ezvinhu uremu uye zvakafanana seti kwemaatomu akasiyana ehupfumi dzavo.

Somuenzaniso, mazambiringa uye tartaric acid. Mukuwedzera, pamavambo rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore pakati masayendisiti J. of Liebig uye Friedrich Wohler kukurukurirana kwakatevera. In dzakawanda kuedza, kwakati kwatemwa kuti pane mhando mbiri chete AgCNO nzira - detonating tsianovokisloe uye sirivha, iyo, pasinei chete nziyo, vane ehupfumi zvakasiyana. Nechekare muna 1830, pfungwa wakatangwa muna isomerization nesayenzi.

Mune ramangwana, anoonga basa A. Butlerov uye J. van't Hoff akanga yakatsanangura Chiitiko pamusoro spatial uye STRUCTURAL isomers.

Isomerization - chairo maitiro, panguva iyo pane kuchinja STRUCTURAL isomers pamusoro mumwe. Somuenzaniso tinogona kutora nyaya munhevedzano alkanes. Mhando Structural pamusoro isomerism pamusoro alkanes kubvumira vamwe zvinhu kuchinja mu isoalkanes. Saka, anowedzera iri bhizimisi octane mafuta. Zvinokosha kutaura kuti ehupfumi vakadaro zvikuru nokuda kukura indasitiri.

Mhando isomerism chinogona kukamurwa mapoka makuru maviri.

Structural isomers aro dzakasiyana

The STRUCTURAL isomerism - kutanga umo isomers vakasiyana makemikari mamiriro. Pane kuziva akawanda mamwe

1. Isomerism of kabhoni marangwanda. chimiro akadaro ndizvo kuti kabhoni uye chokuita zvakasiyana hurongwa kusungwa pakati kabhoni maatomu.

2. Isomers pamusoro Status of dzichipfekeka boka. Fani iyi imhaka dzakasiyana nzvimbo dzichipfekeka boka kana mapoka ari Morekuru. Somuenzaniso, 4-uye 2-hlorbutanovuyu hlorbutanovuyu acid.

3. Isomers siyana zvisungo. Zviya, pano kusanganisira mhando dzakawanda zvinowanzovapo isomerism ose alkenes. The isomers zvisingapindirani nzvimbo unsaturated chisungo.

4. Isomerism pamusoro dzichipfekeka boka. Panyaya iyi, nhamba yacho fuma iri rakaramba, asi zvivako uye hunhu akawanda dzichipfekeka mapoka zvakachinja. Somuenzaniso, dimethyl neEteri , uye panyaya iyi.

Mhando Spatial pamusoro isomerism

Stereoisomers (nzvimbo) chokuita zvakasiyana zviito zviri mamorekuru zvakafanana mamiriro.

1. The Manyiminya isomers (enantiomers). chimiro ichi chokuita vachishandisa kutenderera dzichipfekeka mapoka akapoteredza asymmetric kukurukurirana. Muzviitiko zvizhinji nefuma aine asymmetric kabhoni atomu riri waakaita kuti substituents mana. Saka, mumwe vachishandisa kutenderera ndege kuti polarization chiedza. Izvi pave vanonzi girazi antipodes uye isomers. Sezvineiwo, yokupedzisira vanoonekwa ne substantially chete ehupfumi.

2. diastereomers. Iri izwi rinoreva munhu spatial isomerism, somugumisiro iyo zvinhu zvisina kuumbwa antipodes.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kuvapo zvichibvira isomers ndiko kunonyanya kukonzerwa nokuwanda kabhoni kusungwa. Kureba kabhoni marangwanda, zvikuru nhamba isomers ingangoumbwa.