Photosynthesis - chii? padanho photosynthesis. Terms of photosynthesis

Wati wambonetseka here kuti vangani zvipenyu zvipenyu panyika? Uye shure kwezvose, vose vanoda kufema okisijeni kuitira kuti vape simba uye kupema kunze kwek carbon dioxide. Iko carbon dioxide - chikonzero chikuru chechiitiko ichocho, sechinhu chiri mumba. Izvi zvinoitika kana pane vanhu vakawanda mairi, uye nzvimbo yacho haisi yemazuva akawanda. Mukuwedzera, zvinhu zvine chepfu zvinokonzerwa nemichina yekugadzira mhepo, mumugwagwa wega uye kutakura kwevanhu.

Mukuona kwezviri pamusoro apa, mubvunzo unonzwisisika unomuka: unouya sei isu tisati tanyongedzerwa kana zvose zvipenyu zvichitora carbon dioxide? Muponesi wezvisikwa zvose zvipenyu mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ndiwo photosynthesis. Ndeipi iyo nzira uye chii chaicho chaicho?

Chigumisiro chayo ndiko kugadziriswa kweyero ye carbon dioxide uye kuputika kwemhepo ine oxygen. Nzira yakadaro inozivikanwa chete kune vamiririri venyika yemaruva, ndiko kuti, kudyara, sezvainoitika mumasero avo chete.

Nayo pachayo, photosynthesis inonyanya kuoma nzira, zvichienderana nemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu uye inoitika mumatanho akawanda.

Tsanangudzo yechinangwa

Maererano neshoko rezvesayenzi, zvinhu zvakasikwa mukutora photosynthesis zvinoshandurwa kuhupenyu pamasero emagetsi muzvigadzirwa zve autotrophic nemhaka yekubata kwezuva.

Mumutauro unonzwisisika, photosynthesis ndiyo nzira inotevera inotevera:

1. Chimiro chizere nemhepo. Mhepo inonaya inogona kuva mvura kubva pasi kana mhepo ine mvura inopisa.
2. Pane kuitika kwechlorophyll (chinhu chakakosha chinowanikwa mumiti) kune simba rezuva.
3. Kuumbwa kwezvakakosha kune vamiririri vemiti, izvo zvavasingakwanisi kuzvigadzira ndeye heterotrophic, uye ivo pachavo ndivo vanogadzira. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvinomera zvinodya zvavanozvigadzira pachavo. Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro we photosynthesis.

Stage One

Chinenge chirimwa chose chiri nemuvara wegreen, umo unogona kutora chiedza. Ichi chinhu hachisi chinhu chinopfuura chlorophyll. Kwake kwave kune ma chloroplast. Asi ma-chloroplasts ari munharaunda yechitsva nemichero yawo. Asi photosynthesis yemashizha inonyanya kuwanikwa mune zvakasikwa. Sezvo iyo yekupedzisira ichinyoresa mune zvayo uye ine nzvimbo yakakura, iyo inoreva kuti uwandu hwesimba hunoda kuti muponesi uite huchava hukuru.

Apo chiedza chinoputirwa neklorophyll, iyo yekupedzisira iri munharaunda yekunakidza uye inoendesa simba rayo kune mamwe maemorikisi aripo emiti. Iyo yakawanda zvikuru yemasimba aya inoenda kuvatori vechikamu mukutora photosynthesis.

Chikamu Chechipiri

Kuumbwa kwe photosynthesis muchikamu chechipiri hakurevi kubvumirwa kunobatanidzwa kwechiedza. Inoumbwa mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari mabhandi uchishandisa chepfu carbon dioxide, yakaumbwa kubva mumhepo zhinji nemvura. Uyewo, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogadzirwa, zvinovimbisa basa rinokosha revamiri vemiti. Izvozvo ndizvo zvakagadziriswa, glucose.

Muzvirimwa, zvakadaro zvinhu zvinoshandiswa sechinhu chinopa chikafu kune umwe neumwe zvikamu zvechimiro, nekugadzirisa mararamiro ehupenyu hwehupenyu. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinowanikwa uye vamiririri vemhuka dzinodya michero yekudya. Mumuviri womunhu unozara nezvinhu izvi kuburikidza nezvokudya, izvo zvinobatanidzwa mukudya kwezuva nezuva.

Chii? Kupi? Rini?

Kuti zvinhu zvakasikwa zvive zvakasikwa, zvinodikamwa kuve nechokwadi chemamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera ezvematoriynthesis. Pamusana pekuita pasi pekufungisisa, chiedza chinoda kutanga. Izvo zvine chokuita nemaitiro, uye zuva. Muzvisikwa, kazhinji basa rezvirimwa rinoratidzika nekukwirira mukati mekupedzisira nezhizha, kureva kuti, apo pane chido chekuwanda kwemhepo yezuva. Izvo zvisingagoni kutaurwa pamusoro penguva yekupedza, kana pasina chiedza chiduku, zuva racho rakfupi. Somugumisiro, mashizha anoshanduka ejena, uye anobva atofa. Asi pangotanga kubuda kwezuva masikati ezuva, uswa hwakasvibirira huchasimuka, ipapo chlorophyll ichadzokazve basa rayo, uye kushandiswa kwekuita kwe okisijeni nemimwe michina, iyo inokosha zvikuru, inotanga.

Mamiriro ezvinhu ephotoynthesis anosanganisira kwete chete kuvapo kwekujekesa. Misi inofanirawo kukwana. Mushure mezvose, muti wacho unotanga kunyora unyoro, uye zvino zvinotanga nekutora kwezuva. Mugumisiro weiyi nzira ndeyezvokudya zvezvirimwa.

Mukuvapo kwezvinhu zvinomera, photosynthesis inowanikwa. Chii chinonzi chlorophyll, yatataurirwa pamusoro apa. Vanoita sorudzi rwekutungamira pakati pechiedza kana simba rezuva pamwe nemiti pachayo pachavo, kuve nekujeka kwakakwana kwehupenyu hwavo nebasa. Green zvinhu zvine simba rokuwana zuva rakawanda.

Oxygen ine basa rinokosha. Kuita kuti maitiro e-photosynthesis abudirire, michero inoda zvakawanda, sezvo inongova ne03% ye carbonic acid. Nokudaro, kubva pamamita 6 000 m ³ emhepo, 6 m ³ yeasiti inogona kuwanikwa. Icho chinhu chekupedzisira - chikuru chezvinhu zveglucose, izvo, zvakare, chinhu chinodiwa muupenyu.

Kune zvikamu zviviri zvefotoynthesis. Yokutanga iine chiedza, yechipiri isviba.

Chii chinokonzerwa nekufamba kwechiedza chechiedza

Chikamu chechiedza che photosynthesis chine rimwe zita-photochemical. Vakuru vatori vechikamu muzaniso iyi nde:

• Simba rezuva;
• Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana.

Nekutanga yekutanga zvinhu zvose zvakajeka, iyi izuva. Uye ndizvo zvinorevei, kwete vanhu vose vanoziva. Izvo zvine ruvara, ruvara, tsvuku kana bhuruu. Kusvibirira ndevamwe ma chlorophyll mapoka ma "A" uye "B", kusvika kune tsvuku uye tsvuku / bhuruu-phycobilins maererano. Photochemical basa pakati pevatori vechikamu munharaunda ino yegadziriro inoratidzwa chete ne chlorophylls "A". Izvo zvose ndezvebasa rinobatanidzwa, iro rinokosha rekuunganidza kwekuedza quanta uye kutakura kwavo kune photochemical center.

Sezvo chlorophyll inopiwa simba rekugadzirisa simba rezuva nerimwe ruzivo rwemhepo, zvinotevera photochemical systems zvakaonekwa:

- Photochemical centre 1 (tsvina yeboka "A") - iyo yakagadzirwa inosanganisira pigment 700, inotora chiedza chemazuva, kureba kwayo inenge 700 nm. Iyi pigment ine basa rinokosha mukusika michina yechiedza chemafotoynthesis.

- Photochemical centre 2 (zvigadzirwa zvegorosi zveboka "B") - kuumbwa kunosanganisira pigment 680, inopenya chiedza chemazuva, iyo yakareba 680 nm. Iye ndiye ane basa rerongwa rwechipiri, rinosanganisira mubasa rekudzokorora kwema electrons rakarasikirwa ne photochemical centre 1. Inogadziriswa nekuda kwehydrolysis yemvura.

Kwema 350-400 malekemu emavara, iyo inofungisisa chiedza chemvura mumasikirwo emagetsi 1 uye 2, pane imwe chete yemakurukiti eve pigment, iyo inoshandisa photochemically - chlorophyll yeboka "A".

Chii chiri kuitika?

1. Chiedza chekuvhenekera nemiti yacho chinokanganisa mavarai 700 ari mukati maro, anopfuura kubva munharaunda yakajairika kusvika kune imwe nyika inofadza. Iyo pigment inorasikirwa ne electron, zvichiita pakuumbwa kwezvinonzi electron. Uyezve, iyo molecule ye pigment, yakarasikirwa ne electron, inogona kuita seyakagamuchirwa, iyo iyo, iyo inogamuchira electron, uye inodzorera maitiro ayo.

2. Kugadziriswa kwekunyangarika kwemvura mu photochemical centre ye-light absorbing pigment 680 photosystem 2. Apo mvura inoputswa, masikironi anoshandiswa ayo anotanga kugamuchirwa nenhengo yakadai sa cytochrome C550, uye anosarudzwa netsamba Q. Zvadaro kubva ku-cytochrome, magetsi anopinda muchina wevector uye anotakurwa kuenda ku photochemical center 1 Kudzokorora kwetambo ye electron, iyo yaiva mugumisiro wekupinda kwechiedza quanta uye yekugadzirisazve kweiyo pigment 700.

Pane zviitiko apo iyo molecule inodzorera zvakare electron yakafanana neyekare. Izvi zvichaguma nekubudiswa kwesimba rechiedza nenzira yehuni. Asi inenge nguva dzose elektrononi ine basa rakaipa rinobatanidza kune imwe saridhe-sulfuri mapuroteni uye inotakurwa pamwe chete nemaketani kusvika ku-pigment 700 kana kuwira kune imwe ketani yevectors uye kubvumirana neine nguva dzose inogamuchirwa.

Muchidimbu chekutanga, kutakura mabhasikiti e electron yemuvharo wakavharidzirwa kunoitika, asi muchiitiko chechipiri, kusaitikidzwa kwekutengesa kunoitika.

Zvose zviri zviviri zvinowira mumutsara wokutanga we photosynthesis pasi pekufambisa necheketani imwechete ye electron vatakuri. Asi zvakakosha kuziva kuti ne cyclophosphorylation yerudzi rwechikwata, kutanga uye panguva imwechete yekupedzisira yekufambisa chlophyll, asi kutakura kwekutengesa kunofananidzira kuchinja kwemavara matsva eboka "B" kune chlorophyll "A".

Zviratidzo zvekutakura mabhasikoro

Phosphorylation ye cyclic inonziwo photosynthetic. Somugumisiro weshoko iri, maMEM molecules anoumbwa. Iyi yekutakura inobva pakudzoka kuburikidza nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotevera zve electrons muhurumende inofarira kusvika ku pigment 700, nokudaro kusunungura simba rinotora chikamu mu-phosphorylating enzyme system yekuwedzera kuwedzerwa phosphate zvisungo zveAtP. Iko kuti, simba haritauri.

Phosphorylation cyclic ndiyo inonyanya kuitika ye photosynthesis, iyo inobva paukoroji hwekuumbwa kwemakemikari emagetsi pamakumbo emakiromita echloroplast tilaktoid nekuda kwekushandiswa kwesimba rezuva.

Pasina photosynthetic phosphorylation, kushandiswa kwemaitiro mumdima wakaoma we photosynthesis hazvibviri.

Nuances yekutengesa kwete ye-cyclic type

Iyo nzira inosanganisira yekudzorerwa kweNADP + nekuumbwa kweNADP * H. Iyo inogadziriswa yakavakirwa pa electron kuendeswa ku ferredoxin, kuderedza kushandiswa kwayo uye kuchinja kwakatevera kune NADP + nekuwedzera kuderedza kuNADP * H.

Somugumisiro, magetsi anosakara 700 pigment anozadzirwa nemasikironi emvura, ayo anokonzera pasi pezviso zvemwenje mumamiriro ezvinhu 2.

Iyo isiri nzira ine magetsi yemasikironi, iyo inoyerera iyo inoreva zvakare chiedza chemotoynthesis, inowanikwa kuburikidza nekubatana kwezvinhu zviviri zviripo pakati pavo, zvisungo zvavo zve elektroni-kutakura zvinosangana nazvo. Chiedza chinotungamirira kutenderera kwemakrisoni kumashure. Munguva yekutakura kubva ku photochemical center 1 kusvika pakati 2, magetsi anoshora mamwe emasimba avo nekuda kwekuwedzerwa sechinhu chinogona kuwanikwa cheproton pamusana wepamusoro we tilaktoid.

Muchikamu chakasvibirira chetotoynthesis, chirongwa chekugadzira unyanzvi hweproton-muketani yekutakura ye electron uye kushanda kwayo kwekuumbwa kweAATP mumakloroplasts kunenge kwakangofanana zvakafanana nehumwechete mu mitochondria. Asi zvinhu zvacho zvichiripo. Tylactoids mumamiriro ezvinhu aya mitochondria yakashandura chikamu chakaipa. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekuti electrons uye protononi dzinofamba nepamuviri kune zvakasiyana nechekuenderana nekuyerera kwekutakura mune mitochondrial membrane. Maekironi anoendeswa kunze, uye mapurotoni anowedzera mukati memukatikati chetriktoid matrix. Iyo yekupedzisira inotora mutengo wakanaka chete, uye kunze kwemberi ye tilaktoid haina kunaka. Izvo zvinotevera kuti nzira yeproton-type gradient ndiyo yakasiyana neyo nzira mumitochondria.

Izvo zvinotevera ndeye pH huru yepamusoro mune zvingaita ma protononi.

Chechitatu chinonzi kuvepo kwetilaktoid chain yezviwande zviviri zvekugadzirisa nzvimbo uye sechikonzero chiyero cheA ATP molecule kusvika kuma proton is 1: 3.

Mhedziso

Mutsara wokutanga, photosynthesis ndiyo kushamwaridzana kwechiedza chechiedza (chigadzirwa uye chisingaiti) nechimiro. Taura nemirazi yezvisikwa zvakasvibirira-chlorophyll, zvizhinji zvayo zviri mumashizha.

Kuumbwa kweAATP neNADP * H ndiyo chikonzero chekuita uku. Izvi zvigadzirwa zvakakosha pakufambisa kwemaitiro masikati. Nokudaro, chikamu chechiedza ndicho chinosungirwa, pasina izvo chikamu chechipiri chisingazoiti - rima.

Nzvimbo yakasviba: essence uye zvinhu

Rima photosynthesis uye kushandiswa kwaro inzira inokonzera kabhoni dioxide muzvinhu zvakasikwa kubva pakugadzirwa kwemakhahydrates. Kuita kwakadaro kunowanikwa mu stroma ye chloroplast uye zvigadzirwa zvekutanga kwetotoynthesis, chiedza, tora chikamu chinoshanda mukati mavo.

Izvo zvinokonzera mamiriro erima ephotoynthesis inobva pakugadzirisa kweka carbon dioxide (inonziwo photochemical carboxylation, chirongwa cheCalvin), icho chinoratidzwa necyclicity. Inosanganisira zvikamu zvitatu:

1. Carboxylation ndiyo kuwedzera kweC2 ₂ .
2. Kudzokorora chikamu.
3. Chikamu chekuberekwazve kwe ribulosodiphosphate.

Ribulophosphate, shuga ine maatomu mashanu emakonomu, inogadziriswa ne phosphorylation neAATP, iyo inokonzerwa nekuumbwa kwe ribulosodiphosphate, iyo inowedzera kuiswa carboxylation nokubatana ne CO ₂ muitiro nemashira matanhatu anobva atonhora nekuita nemvura inokwana, achiumba maviri molecular acid particles ye phosphoglycerol . Zvadaro iyi asidi inotanga kupedzisa zvakakwana panguva yekuita enzymatic, iyo iyo kuonekwa kweAATP neNADPH inofanirwa kuumba shuga nematatu matatu - matatu-carbon sugar, triose kana aldehyde ye phosphoglycerol. Apo mbiri mbiri dzakadaro dzinosungurudza, iyo hexose molecule inowanikwa iyo inogona kuva chikamu chinokosha chestarch molecule uye inorambidzwa mukati.

Ichi chikamu chinopedzerwa nekuti panguva yekutora photosynthesis, imwe CO ₂ molecule inogadzirirwa uye matatu ATP molecules uye mana maatomu anoshandiswa.Iye hexose phosphate inotaridzirwa nekusangana kwepentose phosphate cycle, sechikonzero chekugadziriswa kwe ribulose phosphate kunoitika, iyo inokwanisa zvakare kuwirirana neimwe imwe molecule ye carbonic acid.

Kuita kwecarboxylation, kuderedza, kuvezvezve patsva hakugoni kunziwo zvakananga chete kwechitokisi umo photosynthesis inoitika. Ndeipi "yunifomu" inoyerera yezviito, zvakare, haigoni kutaurwa, sezvo mutsauko uchiripo - mukugadzirisa, NADP * H inoshandiswa, uye kwete NAD * N.

Kuwedzerwa kwe CO _{2 ne} ribulosodiphosphate kunotungamirirwa ne ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. Izvo zvinogadzirwa zvinokonzerwa ne 3-phosphoglycerate, iyo inoderedzwa neNADP * H2 uye ATP kune glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Kuderedza kuderedza kunokonzerwa ne glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Iyo yekupedzisira inoshanduka nyore nyore ku dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Fructose-bisphosphate inoumbwa. Mamwe emakemikari ayo anobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa zvinokonzera ribulosodiphosphate, kuvhara mhepo, uye chikamu chechipiri chinoshandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zve-carbohydrates mumasero e-photosynthetic, kureva kuti, photosynthesis yemakrohydrates inoitika.

Simba rekuedza rinodikanwa kuti phosphorylation uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvezvisikwa zvakasikwa, uye simba rekusvibiswa kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa zvakakosha kune phosphorylation yehuidhi. Ndicho chikonzero miti inopa hupenyu kune mhuka nezvimwe zvipenyu izvo zvinonzi heterotrophic.

Photosynthesis mune imwe sero yemiti inowanikwa nenzira iyi. Chigadzirwa chayo ndedhaidhaidhi, izvo zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwekakisi marukisi emarudzi akawanda evanhu vamiririri venyika yemaruva, ayo ari evanhu chaiwo.

Organic senitrogen zvinhu zvakawanda mhando photosynthetic zvinenge kubudikidza rutapudzo pamusoro inorganic nitrate, uye nesarufa - nokuda rutapudzo pamusoro sulfates kumapoka amino acids sulfhydryl. Inopa paumbwe mapuroteni, nucleic acids, lipids, makabhohaidhiretsi, cofactors photosynthesis. Chii chinonzi "Ndiro" kuti zvinhu zvinokosha nokuti chirimwa watopiwa akasimbisa, asi yechipiri kwetunhu mishonga kuti tinokosha somushonga zvinhu (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, polyphenols, steroids, orgkisloty nevamwe), kwete shoko zvakataurwa. Naizvozvo, hapana kuwedzerera kutaura photosynthesis - kiyi upenyu zvinomera, mhuka uye vanhu.