Eugenics: kureva tsanangudzo matambudziko uye zvinangwa nesayenzi

Pakapera XlX pakutanga XX remakore nesayenzi kuri kuwedzerawo. Riparadzirwe "The Origin of Species," Darwin akanyora shure muna 1859, akatengeswa kunze panyaya kwemazuva, uye nharo pamusoro shanduka nzira uye mikana kuchinja haina kurega kwekanguva. Kwemakumi emakore, masayendisiti kuzviita kudzidza shanduka nzira, kune nzvimbo dzakawanda mu zvipenyu, zvimwe iyo kupa basa rokuchinja mararamiro yemhindumupindu kwevanhu.

Eugenics - chii?

Munhau yacho, vanhu vakashandisa Kusarudzwa kuvandudza goho zvokurima uye negoho mhuka. Saka, nhoroondo eugenics ine nemidzi yawo dzevanhu zvikuru chido maximize chokupika kwete chete mhuka, asi yavo mhuka.

A kuranga yakatsaurirwa kuna zvesayenzi nezvetsika muna XlX remakore haripo, saka basa chikuru chimiso uye zvingatadzisa mberi yevanhu kwemarudzi vakatora pamusoro Church, iyo achishingaira vakatsoropodza chero kuedza kupindira muurongwa zvisikwa naMwari.

Saka, eugenics pfungwa iri kuti kusarudzwa nokuda kukanganiswa kuvandudzika kwevanhu kwemarudzi, muchibata kudzora vana uye zvomumba mubatanidzwa.

The kukurumbira uye dubious mukurumbira

In okutanga emakore ari XX remakore zvakava zvokuti yakakurumbira kuti vamwe inoti vakatanga kufungisisa inoshanda Implementation yawo huru zvokudya. akabata saka mubatanidzwa sayenzi German Nazi uye eugenics. Zvakange pasi kweNazi vakapiwa kupfuura yaityisa kupararira matanho akadai kumanikidzwa mbereko kwakaita vanhu uye kuparadzwa mapoka kuzivikanwa Hurumende kunaka.

Asi eugenics mitemo vakanga rakaiswa kure mhiri Nazi Germany. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States mune dzimwe rinoti kuvarombo uye vanhu vane pasi IQ tiri kupa mubayiro nokuda kwemutemo rokuzvipira mbereko. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti vanhu vane zvisingadiwi zvatariswa vanogona kukuvadza majini mudziva chaizvo chokwadi wokuva nevana.

Chokutanga, eugenics - sayenzi kuti inodzidza hazvizivi selection, chikuru chinhu chiri munhu. Pane nzira mbiri kushandisa kudzora kusarudzwa ichi: anonzi akanaka eugenics pfungwa inokurudzira michato kuti pave nevana vanoberekwa vaine dzakakurumbira zvinhu; kunaka genetics inobva achisiya vana vakaberekwa zvokukura akaremara kana miitiro zvisingadiwi kuti vanhu. With kukura zvokurapa ruzivo mune chirwere zvombo kuti eugenics vaiva nzira dzakadai yokuberekwa kuzvidzora, zvakadai masero miedzo uye Ultrasound Diagnostics.

kudzoka eugenics

Chii eugenic misimboti, zvinova pachena kana tikatarisa dambudziko zvekumashure. Rokutanga kunzwisisa kukosha kweshoko pacharo. Rinoshandurwa kubva pane rechiGiriki rokuti anoshandura nehasha se "makagovana kuberekwa." Saka akaberekwa dzidziso eugenics. Chii chakagadzirwa selection, zvakava pachena muna 1883, apo musayendisiti F. Galton akabudisa basa rake inokosha "The kudzidza unyanzvi hwevanhu vavo kukura."

Huru rutsigiro-masayendisiti eugenicists raiva dzematongerwe yokugara kutsunga. Musimboti dzidziso Galton kwaiva kuitira kuti kana dzidzo kana dzidzo haisi akanyatsosiyana kukanganisa netsika maitiro, asi vaitungamirira basa iri nhodzera kuti anosarudza kusanganisira evanhu maitiro.

With racho kwebhuku rino, mudungwe pamusoro eugenics kubudikidza mumayunivhesiti muEurope. New sayenzi chichiwanikwa nzvimbo iri zvedzidzo zvakatipoteredza.

Eugenics somunhu sainzi. kunyatsogona

Muna 1907, Britain akasikwa Galton Society, umo anovandudza mugadziriro sayenzi itsva uye kutsvaka zvishandiso kuti aashandise uchidzidzira. Munyaya US, yakafanana vanhu vakauya muna 1921 uye ainzi neAmerican Eugenics Society.

Nhoroondo eugenics ari zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe pfungwa evanhu yaDarwin, iyo inobva chokwadi kuti chete zvimwe zvidzidzo uye kirasi, uyewo vanhu vane mamwe anthropological unhu vakakodzera kuramba mhuri dzavo.

Eugenics nezvetsika inobva chokwadi kuti vanhu havana kuberekwa vakaenzana, chete kupfuura vakakodzera vachava nekodzero kudzora mararamiro shanduka kwevanhu, kuchivhiringidza dzokubereka muitiro. Saka, eugenics - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza kwevanhu vakasarudzwa.

tsoropodzo vomunguva

Pasinei kufora kukunda pamusoro nesayenzi itsva mumayunivhesiti uye mahofisi ehurumende, kwete vakadzidza zvose vakaramba nzira yayo. A wepachokwadi mupikisi pakati eugenic tsika dzakanga munyori Chesterton, American nyanzvi Lester Ward, uyewo zvinhu zvipenyu Fisher uye JBS Haldane, uyo akaratidza mubvunzo kuti mbereko kuti "defectives" kungaita kuti kutsakatika yevanhu vakawanda unhu ndisingadiwi.

Kupfuura vakawanda uye simba musasa inowirirana vavengi kumanikidzwa mbereko uye chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa yaiva vamiririri masangano ezvitendero. Pasinei chokwadi kuti pakutanga, vamwe vatungamiriri vechitendero kufarira sayenzi itsva pashure 1930 rutsigiro yapera. Sezvo mitemo pamusoro pokushandiswa eugenic akataura Pope Pius XL, izvo akataura zvakajeka kuti zviremera zvehurumende havana kodzero dzokurasa mitumbi vavanotonga.

Nazism richikwidibira padanho tsvakurudzo

matambudziko Reputational mune eugenics somunhu nesayenzi kwakatanga muna 1930, apo Nazi geneticist Ernst Rudin akatora kurishandisa kupembedza mhosva yacho Third Reich. Pakazosvika nguva atova pachena sei dzinongoitika kusarudzwa mabasa, uye eugenics. Chii mushonga Nazi vachava pachena zvishoma gare gare, asi ukama iyi zvachose aparadze mukurumbira eugenic nesayenzi.

Nechokunoperera Hondo Yenyika II eugenics mukurumbira payakarovera zvachose. Mufananidzo Wonderful pamusoro shanduka maonero pamusoro nzira chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa ndiyo nyaya kubudikidza HG Wells, yakarongeka mutsigiri kumanikidzwa mbereko vakatendeuka matatu wepachokwadi murwi kwekodzero dzevanhu. Zvikurukuru, iye akati hapana munhu ane kodzero chokukuvadza munhu, zvisinei zvakaoma sei zvingava chirwere, asi nekusiyana, nzanga vanofanira nokuuchengeta. Asi, pasinei nokushorwa nevamwe nhengo voruzhinji muSweden Somuenzaniso, kumanikidzwa castration "chakaremara" akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze kusvikira 1976.

The kumutsidzirwa mubereko

Mushure nokufumura mhosva yeNazi Germany kunofuridzirwa eugenic tsvakurudzo, mukurumbira nesayenzi, zvaiita raparadzwa zvachose. Zvisinei, pashure refu yokukanganwa kufarira kuedza akadzoka uye yokungotaura tsvakurudzo pamusoro genome richangobva azopora, asi mune vanoremekedzwa genetics.

A nhare idzva eugenics chimurenga vaiva United States, uko kune dzinoverengeka yepamusorosoro tsvakurudzo nzvimbo munyaya kuvabereki engineering, cloning uye pamuviri nechirwere, iyo chatinokoshesa iri mumunda dzesayenzi zvakakwana. Saka pfungwa eugenics kwakapfuurira mu magene mapurani.

Muna 2003, Tania Simoncelli, aishanda panguva Assistant Director pamusoro kwemhosva panguva hurumende US, akati kuti majini chirwere prenatatsionnaya anozarura itsva nguva eugenics, izvo, kusiyana Nazi, havafaniri kuva misanthropic dzematongerwe, uye kupindura nezvinodiwa zvavo.

vapore zviitwa

British shanduka zvipenyu Richard Dawkins akati nyaya mupepanhau muna 2006 kuti eugenics - sayenzi remangwana. Akatiwo nokuti kuti sayenzi akashandiswa kushandisa vatungamiri Nazi, unobereka mumvuri aidzivisa kwemakumi emakore kuitisa chinangwa tsvakurudzo munharaunda iyi.

The muongorori akawedzera kuti, yake pfungwa, nzira iyi anosiyana zvishoma kubva ruminant mune zvokurima. Chokwadika, panzvimbo yake kururamiswa musayendisiti eugenic Rinoshandisa ndechokuti kubvira panguva Third Reich, kuti magariro nesayenzi hakuiti mira uye kukwanisa kupindura mibvunzo yakawanda yakaoma uye kubatsira kuwana mhinduro mune zvakawanda ezvinhu.

Zvisinei Dawkins kusvika yekudyidzana kusiyana kwayo vamutangira. Haana chete anoda kukanganisa mugumisiro pamuviri, uye kuita chakagadzirwa selection, vazhinji vakasimbirira kuti eugenics kuchabatsira munhu kudzidza zvakawanda nezvake. Somuenzaniso, pashure kuwana majini yokuedzwa vabereki haangavi kupedza nguva ari mwana kudzidza mumhanzi kana miedzo haaratidzi unyanzvi akakodzera. Zvinotarisirwa kuti miedzo iyi kuchabatsira kuvandudza nokubudirira mumutambo, kana vanhu vanoziva zvavo uye zvaasingagoni. Maererano Dawkins, agadzirise matambudziko akawanda mazuva ano vanogona kuva genetics uye eugenics.

Chii rusaruro, rinopa kuyeuka International Bioethics Committee, uyo nhengo vanodavira kuti kwakadaro nzira inoitawo kuti rusarura uye stigmatization, ndokuupfurira mubvunzo pamusoro pfungwa nokudenga kwevanhu akaenzana.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti eugenics ano haambotauri kuenzanisa zvaiitwa remakore rechimakumi maviri, achishandisa mashoko okuti "dzokubereka genetics" uye "sarudzo germinal" Chokwadi, zvidzidzo izvi zvose tiri chikamu maberekero kwevanhu.

Chimwe ndicho kurapwa nhasi - pamuviri kuongorora - kunogonawo kunzi ari muchimiro Implementation ose eugenic kusvika. Kubva yezvokurapa nemaonero, kwakadaro kuongorora kunogona kudzivisa kusununguka mwana zvikuru vaberekwe vakaremara uye nhaka zvirwere.

Modern eugenics: Performance matambudziko

Kokutanga pamusoro matambudziko pamwechete Implementation yokugara kuongorora nzira eugenicists akati muna 1915 Thomas Hunt Morgan, uyo aidavira kuti unhu hazvigoni achipfuura, nhaka, zvakadai vamwe kuti propensity kuti mhirizhonga uye mhosva zvinogona kutapukira kubva vabereki vana, uye wairatidza, nhaka kuti kunoitika nevanhu vavanorarama kuburikidza nokudzidziswa pane kuburikidza Gene.

Uyezve, akataura migumisiro zvaanorumbidza ose nhunzi chairatidza kuti akaipa zvikonzero - akadai imwe peya meso uye mhuka nemazinzara - Akaonekwa muchero nhunzi kwete chete somugumisiro nhaka, asi uyewo mugumisiro kunotouraya.

Zvisinei, nhasi, sainzi eugenics rinoshandisa nani rwokugadzira. Somuenzaniso, kuongorora kuti vakaroorana pamberi yokubereka mwana anogona kuona kuti njodzi yokuva mwana pamwe vaberekwe vakaremara dziripo uye, naizvozvo, kuti kubereka pakadai. Asi pamusoro yepamusorosoro bvunzo haagoni kunzi rinopa kudzivirirwa Mhedziso pakukanganisa: pane zviitiko apo vakaroorana vakasarudza zvichiri pamuviri pasinei zvakaipa bvunzo mugumisiro, vakabereka vana hwakanaka.

Kurasikirwa yokugara kusiyana

In genetics uye shanduka zvipenyu nyanzvi dziri achiyambirawo nokuti kuti overreliance iri mugwaro zvokusarudza kunogona kutungamirira kudzikisirana kwevanhu vakawanda, sezvo akafumuka vanhu vanogara nzvimbo chaizvo duku kana pazvitsuwa.

Edward Miller anotirayira kuti chero zera vanofanira kupiwa mukana kuti mupiro diki kune shanduka mhando kukura uye inotaurawo kuti kunyange mananara kuti angaita kwatiri akaipa, pakupedzisira muri zvikuru nokuda zvipenyu kukura.

Kushorwa Eugenics

Vashori Vazhinji eugenics vanoti zvisinei kunaka sei zvinovavarirwa nevatsvakurudzi, pakupedzisira ichi zvose kuchaita kuti zviito zvinopesana hwetsika. Zviito zvakadaro vavengi eugenics anosanganisa vanomanikidzwa mbereko, kuvabereki rusaruraganda, panguva iyoyo uye pamwewo kwevanhu.

In ake seminal bepa pamusoro Kushanduka Lori Endryus anoti kukodzera mukana kupindira mukufamba shanduka kuchatungamirira chidzoke paiya inonzi posthuman, izvo zvingave zvakasiyana kubva dzinoitwa nezvimwewo akagadzirwa unhu. Uyezve, iye rinorumbidza haana kupindira chinokosha pezvakaitwa akadai kuchembera uye upenyu anotarisirwa, iyo inongova kufarira eugenics.

Chii chinonzi upenyu hwevanhu? Hunorevei uye kana munhu anogona kutora basa musiki? nyaya idzi dziri kuisa bioethicists zhinji. Pindura panguva, kune vazhinji, asi zvinoita sokuti hapana kuva hunogutsa, uye izvi zvinoreva kuti kugadzirisa zvinetso yetsika vachange vachirwa chizvarwa kupfuura rimwe zvipenyu, ethicists, vazivi uye nyanzvi dzezvechitendero. dambudziko Eugenics kuvakodzera ndaripa zvikuru kuteerera.