Exoplanet - chii ichi? How kuvhura uye kudzidza exoplanets?

Exoplanet - nyika iri kunze redu renzou. Mumakore maviri emakore zvave kuwanikwa zviuru zvakafanana nzvimbo, kunyanya tichibatsirwa NASA "Kepler" nzvimbo teresikopu.

Exoplanet - chii?

Izvi yepasi pose zvinhu zvinosiyana zvikuru kukura kwavo uye kutenderera. Vamwe vavo mapuraneti hofori yodzoka pedyo nyeredzi dzavo. Vamwe akafukidzwa chando, vamwe matombo. NASA nemamwe masangano kutsvaga chinokosha nyika ehove vanoda exoplanet akafanana Earth, iyo inotenderera nenyeredzi akafanana Sun, uye riri mune inogarwa mapazi.

The inogarwa mapazi ari kuwanda madaro kubva nyeredzi panguva iyo tembiricha nyika Kubvumira kuvapo emura mumakungwa dzemvura, izvo zvinokosha muupenyu. Tanga tsananguro mapazi kwaibva nyore chafariz zvakanyatsoenzana, asi Masvomhu ano zvinosanganisira zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda, r. H. Planet girinihausi mhepo. Izvi zvinoita miganhu avhiringidzwa inogarwa mapazi.

Dzidziso kwakabva upenyu

Kunyange exoplanet - kuwanikwa kuma1990, kwemakore akawanda, nyanzvi vave nechokwadi chokuvapo kwavo. Havatendi chete, uye kwakavakirwa zvavanotaura pamusoro zvishoma majana kwedu Sun uye nedzimwe nyeredzi.

Vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi vane dzidziso kwakabva upenyu mugadziriro yedu yokutenderera zuva. Muchidimbu, mumwe kutenderera gore negasi uye guruva (ainzi gwenya nebula) pasi warwo giravhiti akadonha uye kuumbwa nyeredzi redu uye nyika. Pashure paizvozvo, kuchengetedza chisina kutsetseka tichimhanya kwaireva kuti chiedza ramangwana vanofanira tenderera nokukurumidza uye dzichimhanya. Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo ine 99,8% of vazhinji zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri mapuraneti vane 96% yayo chisina kutsetseka tichimhanya. Vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi nei nyeredzi yedu rotates kudaro zvishoma nezvishoma.

Young chiedza akanga akasimba chaizvo remagineti vane mitsetse simba wakabaya dhisiki rwakawanda gasi iyo nyika inoumbwa. mitsetse izvi zvave chokuita mhosva gasi nezvimedu, uye chiito sezvo zvimiso, tava kuderera kutenderera kwezuva uye dzinoumba Kukosa gasi kuti pakupedzisira akava nyika. nyeredzi Most tenderera zvishoma nezvishoma, saka nyanzvi vakagumisa kuti chete "rinobva braking" zvakaitika uye ivo, zvichireva kuti chaizoitika paumbwe nemapuraneti. Nokudaro vatiwo: nyika vanofanira tarisa munhu Sun-senyeredzi.

mangwanani zvakawanwa

Nokuti ichi nezvimwe zvikonzero, vatsvakurudzi kutanga kuita kutsvaka exoplanets nyeredzi rakafanana Sun, asi Zvakawanikwa maviri muna 1992 rokutanga vaiva pulsar (nokukurumidza kugadzira vakasara Zvinovheneka uyo akafa supernova) rinonzi PSR B1257 + 12. Wokutanga akasimbisa exoplanet orbiting nyeredzi (mufananidzo wakatorwa munyaya) rinonangana chinodiwa ichi, yakavhurwa muna 1995. Raiva 51 Pegasi b, mukanyiwa izvo zviri kuenderana nemashoko gobvu waZeusi uye ka20 pedyo kwayo zuva kupfuura Earth. Zve sezvo vaizoshamiswa. Asi mumwe oddity kwakaitika makore manomwe akanga apfuura, nemhaka iyo zvakava pachena kuti zvingava akazarurwa exoplanets zhinji.

Muna 1988, rimwe boka remasayendisiti Canadian akawaneiko nyika kukura waZeusi kungopembera wegamma Akai. Asi nekuti rayo muchadenga yakanga duku zvikuru pane Jupiter kuti muchadenga, masayendisiti akati pamusoro kwokupedzisira vasabatwa. Nyanzvi dzezvomuchadenga haana kuda kureva kuti nemapuraneti yakadaro iripo. Zviri zvakasiyana redu renzou kuti masayendisiti vaiva kuchenjerera kwazvo.

Kubva makuru maduku

Zvinenge yose yakashama exoplanet wokutanga - a yupiteropodobny hombe (kana kupfuura) gasi hofori, kutenderera nechokure pfupi kubva mubereki nyeredzi. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nechokwadi chokuti vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi vakashandisa unyanzvi kuyera ari TOUR velocity, izvo anosarudza mwero "kwapera" Nyeredzi iri nyika riparadzirwe yakapoteredza. Chimwe munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva huru yepasi pose miviri vari saka inokosha zvazvinoita kuti inogona nyore dzakaonekwa.

nenguva exoplanet Asati zvakawanwa zviridzwa aigona chete kuyera kuchiva nyeredzi ane kururama kusvikira mumwe kiromita pasekondi yoga yoga, waiva hadzikwani kuona vibrations dzavo pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu mapuraneti. Modern zviridzwa vanokwanisa kuyera kumhanya ari sendimita pa wechipiri, pamwe nokuda kuwedzera rakarurama midziyo, asiwo nokuda zvikuru zvakaitika nyanzvi mune hurumende ichiisa izvi simba zviratidzo.

Information kuputika "Kepler"

Nhasi kune vanopfuura 1,000 yasimbiswa exoplanets vawana chimwe Satellite. Space Telescope, "Kepler" kwakatangwa muna 2009 uye akanga vachivhimei munhu inogarwa nyika kwemakore mana. It aishandisa nzira inonzi "dzaifanoiswa" - kunoyerwa dimming nyeredzi apo unopfuura pamberi payo nzvimbo chinhu.

"Kepler" akazivisa zvakawanda marudzi Mapuraneti. Kuwedzera gasi hofori nemiviri yenyika teresikopu akabatsira kuumba kuvapo kirasi itsva "super-Earth", kukura vari mukati ukuru hwepasi uye Neptune. Vamwe vavo dziri munzvimbo inogarwa dzinodengenyeka enyeredzi dzavo, asi astrobiologists akaita Akaongorora Masvomhu kuti kufunga kuti nyika yakadaro, upenyu hunogona ichishanduka.

Muna 2014, nyanzvi "Kepler" kunge akapa nzira "ongororo multiplicity", iro aifanira kuwedzera kumhanya kweshanduro kukwikwidza mapuraneti ari yasimbiswa chinzvimbo. Nzira iri inobva orbital pakusimba - nyeredzi zhinji dims pashure pfupi nguva, izvo zvinogona kunge zvakafanira chete mapuraneti ari kutenderera duku, sezvo kana nyeredzi, vangadai gravitationally vakasundidzira mumwe kubva ezvinhu mukati miriyoni mashoma makore.

dzimwe mishoni

Kunyange zvazvo satellites ( "Kepler" uye French CoRoT), kutevera exoplanets, apedza basa ravo yepakutanga, masayendisiti achiri kurapwa kuwanwa mashoko aya, kuita zvinhu zvitsva. Uye pasina rimwe basa, havazoendi. MOST uchishanda satellites uye NASA Tess, uye Swiss Cheops PLATO uye ESA Satellite achatsvaka dzaifanoiswa kubva muchadenga mune ramangwana. On Earth, kuti spectrograph nembira 3,6-mita teresikopu yeEuropean Southern Observatory kuChile akabata Doppler kutsvaka akatisiyira oscillations, asi kunosanganisirei kunovhima nezvimwe materesikopu zhinji.

Mumwe muenzaniso ndiye Space Telescope NASA kuti Spitzer. Sezvo zviri inonyatsoziva ari michini chakarondedzera, achikwanisa kuyera tembiricha Profile ekzoplanety uye kupa pfungwa yaro chadenga.

Vanopfuura 3000 mapuraneti anozivikanwa Zvakaoma kurega kusarudza pamusoro vashoma vavo. Small exoplanets takasimba inogarwa mapazi sokuti zvakanakisisa musarudzo, asi nyanzvi kusiyanisa vamwe kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu inotungamirwa uye kukura dzimwe nyika.

kutanga zviratidzo

51 Pegasi b. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, ichi chaiva wokutanga nekusimba exoplanet orbiting solar-mhando nyeredzi. With hafu mukanyiwa waZeusi, zviri kubva hurongwa centre ari chinhambwe Mercury. The puraneti iri pedyo nyeredzi dzaro, ndiro zvichida, mumwe rutivi zviri naTidhari kubatwa - nguva dzose anotarisana nyeredzi.

HD 209458 b. Wakatanga yakawanikwa 1999 extrasolar nyika (mufananidzo wakatorwa munyaya), izvo akapfuura dzaifanoiswa aro nyeredzi (kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi yaishandiswa Doppler), zvichiteverwa dzimwe matongo. Ndiyo nyika yokutanga kunze kwedu nyika dzose dzinotenderera zuva, apo parameters zvomumhepo kunge kuzivikanwa, kusanganisira tembiricha Profile uye kusavapo mumakore.

kosha nyika

55 Cancri mae exoplanet iyi -. Ndicho chii chinonzi "super-Earth", iro zvinofamba vari pairi ichitenderera nyeredzi inopenya zvakakwana kuti vaonekwe chinoabatsira. Saka, nyanzvi vanogona kudzidza hurongwa kupfuura dzimwe. "Gore" yaro maawa 17 chete uye maminitsi 41 (zvakanga paakagadzwa apo MOST kuchengeta hurongwa kwevhiki mbiri muna 2011). Theorists zvinoratidza kuti 55 Cancri E kungava akapfuma kabhoni nedhaimani core.

HD 80606 b. exoplanet ichi - chinyorwa pedhi (panguva hwomukova yaro muna 2001) pazuva eccentricity ari muchadenga. Kunenge kuti nzira sangano rayo, rakafanana muchadenga kuti Halley kuti kometi, angadzorwa chokuita simba nedzimwe nyeredzi. Uyezve, zvakadaro yokunyanyisa muchadenga zviri kukonzera hwakanyanya volatility zvakatipoteredza munyika.

Igo-33b. Chakazarurwa 2011 uye ane zuva-mubhedha imwe mhando - ari stratosphere - iyo absorbs chikamu chinooneka uye ultraviolet nechiedza mubereki nyeredzi. Planet kwete chete chinoita iri muchadenga muna negwara, asi zvinokonzera kusiyana-siyana chiedza kunonyora Satellite MOST.

mapatya vepasi

Kepler-442b. exoplanet ichi - ndizvo chii chinonzi "Pasi analoginen." Its kukura, vakawanda uye tembiricha utongi chinonyanya yakafanana redu. Open January 6, 2015, riri mu renyeredzi Lyra ari chinhambwe 1,120 chiedza-makore. The tembiricha pamusoro pemvura matombo ekzoplanety ndiyo -40 ° C. uremu waro 2.34 nguva mukanyiwa hwepasi, nerukudzo ndiyo 30% yakawanda. The puraneti iri kunze munharaunda apo naTidhari kubatwa yacho chiito. In pepa rakabudiswa muna 2015 basa, iye, pamwe Kepler-186f uye 62f, akanzi yakanakisisa kukwikwidza kuti mapuraneti vanokwanisa inogarwa (ona. Photo).

Exoplanet Kepler-78b. It inotenderera nyeredzi Kepler-78. Pamukova muna 2013, nyika dzakawanda kufanana Earth guru, nharaunda uye unosvikirwa arambe achirema. Rave kuwanikwa kwete chete zvayo dzaifanoiswa chiedza, asi kwezuva uye akaratidza chiedza chaienzanirana orbital maitikiro. "Year" ekzoplanety rinovapo maawa 8,5 chete, t. K. Is ka40 pedyo nyeredzi kupfuura kure Mercury kuzuva.