Hussite kufamba: zvikonzero, vechikamu zvabuda, ukoshi

Czech Hussite kufamba yakabuda mukutanga XV remakore. nhengo dzayo aida vashandure chechi yechiKristu. Mukuru rakafuridzirwa nokuda kuchinja kwaiva Czech yezvechitendero Yan Gus, vane ramangwana inosuruvarisa kwakatungamirira kuti kupandukira uye hondo-refu makumi maviri.

Dzidziso Yana Gusa

Yan Gus akaberekwa rwezasi Czech Republic muna 1369. Akapedza kudzidza uye akava purofesa paUniversity of kuPrague. Iye vagamuchirawo upristi uye akazova Rector of Bhetrehema Chapel muPrague. Yan Gus nokukurumidza akava muparidzi akakurumbira pakati vamwe vagari. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti akauya nevanhu vari mutauro Czech, apo yose yeRoma akashandisa Latin, izvo haana kuziva nyore zvavo.

Hussite sangano rakaumbwa kumativi zvichemo avo, izvo akasundudzira Yan Gus, akapikisana papa choushe inokodzera mupristi muKristu. Czech muvandudzi kufunga kuti haagoni kutengeswa nokuda mari nzvimbo uye dzezvivi. Chimwe gakava mashoko Muparidzi yaiva pfungwa yake kuti Chechi haisi risinganyepi uye zvinofanira kutsoropodzwa, panyaya yakavanzwa urema mukati maro. Mumazuva iwayo kwakanga mashoko ushingi nekuti hapana muKristu vasingagoni kupikisana Papa uye vapristi. vanhu vakadaro ndivo vanonzi kuzivikanwa kuti vanyengeri.

Asi Gus apo nomufaro kudziviswa kurangwa inobvuma mukurumbira wayo pakati pavanhu. Church muvandudzi aivawo mudzidzisi. Iye zvinganaka imwe Kunadzurudzwa kune Czech arufabheti kuti aivabatsira chirongwa kuverenga vanhu.

Rufu Huss

Muna 1414 Yan Gus akanga vakadamwa Council of Constance, iyo yakaitwa muguta reGermany pamhenderekedzo Lake Constance. Pamutemo, chinangwa musangano uyu chaiva kukurukura dambudziko iri Catholic Church, umo maiva Schism Western. Kweanenge makore ana makumi mana, kwaiva vanababa vaviri chete. Mumwe aiva muRoma, imwe - muFrance. Hafu kunyika vakatsigira Catholic mumwe, uye imwe hafu - wechipiri.

At Gus Ndarota yavairwisana Church, achiedza kupfigira muboka, wakarambidzwa mabasa, asi ndinoonga kuti kurevererwa Czech chakakurumbira rokunyika mupristi mberi mharidzo yake. Kuenda Constance, akabvunza rinovimbisa kuti hazvingaiti kubata. Zvipikirwa zvakaitwa. Asi kana Gus ari Cathedral, akasungwa.

The Pope akatsanangura ichi chokuti iye pachake haana kupa chero zvipikirwa (uye akavapa chete mambo Sigismund). By Gus akabvunza kuti dzosiya maonero ake. Akaramba. Wakati vakasungwa, muCzech kwamachinda akatuma Dzinofadza Dzakaitika Kwakasiyana kuGermany uye kudiwa kusunungurwa ayo gamba renyika. arayirwazve izvi akanga asina maturo. July 6, 1415 Yan Gus chakatsva sezvo muhedheni. Ichi chaiva chikonzero chikuru nokuda kwehondo muCzech Republic.

Pakutanga yemuna muCzech Republic

Reformation Hussite kufamba rakapararira munyika. Vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata (vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata), vagari mumataundi uye Knights havana kufanana chisimba Catholic Church pamusoro zvavo zvitupa. Paiva kusiyana kuzvipira dzimwe tsika dzechiKristu.

Mushure kuurayiwa Hus chinangwa Hussite kufamba pakupedzisira yakabuda: kubvisa Czech Republic kubva vaKaturike vokuGermany. Kwechinguva kunetsana aipfeka tsika dzomunharaunda. Zvisinei, Pope, kwete kuti outdone sevapanduki, akataura mumwe kushingirira muMoravia. mishandirapamwe kwakadaro muchiuto vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo panguva. First nevaIslam akarongwa kuti torazve kuti vaMuslim vokuParestina uye vadzivirire nayo. Apo Middle East akarasika kuti vokuEurope, machechi maziso akatendeukira akananga kumatunhu kwaiva vatsauki akasiyana vanoshingaira kana pavahedheni. Anobudirira zvikuru raiva rati kuBaltic States, apo vaviri vakanga vakamisa nemauto-yemamongi mirairo kubva munharaunda yayo. Zvino ndiwo kwezana Czech Republic yokupukunyuka nechisimba Knights pamwe pamuchinjikwa mireza.

Sigismund uye Yan Zhizhka

In padariro rokutanga hondo mukuru hondo Dzorudzidziso vakava Emperor Mutsvene hweRoma Sigismund. Iye kudzimika pachake ari pamberi Czechs vasina kudzivirira Hus, kana kuti akanga aedza panguva Council of Constance. Zvino mambo akatozova ruvengo necheSalvic vagari.

Hussite kufamba yakagamuchirawo mutungamiri wayo zvechiuto. Ivo vakava Yan Zhizhka. Raiva Czech wamambo, waiva atova nemakore anopfuura 60. Pasinei neizvi, akanga azere simba. knight ichi aizivikanwa nokuda Pazvinhu basa paruvazhe madzimambo siyana. Muna 1410, akabatana somuzvipiri ari wePolish-Lithuanian hondo, vakakunda vairwa muhondo dzemachechi German of Teutonic Order iri Hondo Grunwald. Pakurwa akarasikirwa ziso rake rworuboshwe.

Kunyange muCzech Republic, panguva kundorwa Sigismund, Zizka bofu zvachose, asi akaramba ari Hussite mutungamiri. Iye anorova atye vavengi adzo uye utsinye. Muna 1420, pamwe chete mutungamiri 8000th neuto kubatsira vagari Prague, kudzinga Dzorudzidziso, pakati pavo pakanga mahwanda. Pashure chiitiko ichi kwenguva yakati, Czech rose Republic yaitongwa Hussite.

Radicals uye moderates

Zvisinei, nokukurumidza, paiva neimwe nekupesana anenge akaparadzanisa Hussite kufamba. Zvikonzero sangano kwaisanganisira vachiramba yeRoma uye kutonga German pamusoro Czech Republic. Nokukurumidza iye yakakura bapiro, iyo inotungamirwa Zizka vakamira panze. Vatsigiri ake vakapamba dzemamongi Catholic, vaibata pamwe kunaka vashumiri. Vanhu ava vakaronga mumusasa yavo paGomo reTabhori, nokuti zvakanga nokukurumidza inonzi Taborites.

Panguva iyoyowo, zvine mwero kufamba iripo pakati Hussites. Nhengo dzayo vaida kutyora nechechi yeRoma mukutsinhana zvimwe zvichemo. Nokuda Kusawirirana pakati vapanduki simba nokukurumidza rakabatana muCzech Republic havasisipo. It akaedza kushandisa Kesari Sigismund, uyo akatanga kuronga kushingirira yechipiri pamusoro sevapanduki.

The kushingirira pamusoro Hussites

Muna 1421 The Imperial hondo, uko kwaisanganisirawo zvikwata Hungarian uye Polish Knights vakadzokera Czech Republic. Chinangwa Sigismund raiva guta Zatec, yaiva asiri kure German muruwa Saxony. Kuti tibatsire rakakombwa nhare naro Taborite hondo, iyo inotungamirwa Yan Zhizhka. City akakwanisa kudzivirira uye kubva pazuva iroro kwaiva hondo kusiyanisa abudirire mativi.

Nokukurumidza nhengo Hussite kufamba vakatsigirwa zvakonzerwa shamwari iri chechiJudha mauto kubva Grand Duchy pakati Lithuania. Munyika ino, kwakanga kune womukati kutamburira pakuchengetedza kutenda mutana uye kurambwa Catholic simba kuti rakabva Poland. Makore mashomanana Lithuanians vavo Russian wakarara akabatsira Hussites muhondo yavo mambo.

Muna 1423 kwenguva pfupi kubudirira Zizka akamurega pamwechete mauto kuti zvachose zvakajeka nyika yavo, uye kunyange vanotanga kupindira pedyo Hungary. Hussites zvasvika pamahombekombe Danube, apo vakamirira kuti hondo veko youmambo. Zizka haana aende kuhondo, uye vakadzoka kumusha.

Kukundikana muHungary kwakakonzera kuti richangobva Vakarodza kupokanidzana izvo akatsemura Hussite kufamba. Zvikonzero inofamba vakakanganikwa, uye Taborites vakaenda kundorwa moderates (vakanga anonziwo Chashniki kana Utraquists). Radicals vakakwanisa kuhwina chimwe kukunda inokosha June 1424, pashure iyo Muchidimbu kubatana rukaporeswa. Zvisinei, zvakafanana kuwa Yan Zhizhka vakafa nedenda. Rwendo asingakanganwiki dzakakwirira Hussite sangano anofanira hazvo zvinosanganisira přibyslav guta, apo akafa yakakurumbira Hussite mutungamiri. Nhasi Zizka ndiye gamba renyika yacho Czechs. Akawana vakawanda sezvivako.

kuenderera hondo

Zizka nzvimbo sezvo mutungamiri Taborites akatora Prokop Guru. Aiva muprista uye vaibva yesimba Prague mhando. Prokop aiva Chashnikov wokutanga, asi pakupedzisira akava noushamwari radicals. Uyezve, akanga akanaka wehondo.

Muna 1426 Prokop akatungamirira hondo nevarwi Taborite uye Prague, kusvikira masvingo eguta Ústí nad Labem, iyo akatapwa Saxon nechisimba. Hussite mutungamiri akatungamirira 25,000 vanhu kuti chakanga chakaipisisa simba.

Nzira uye nzira vapanduki

In hondo Ústí nad Labem Prokop vakabudirira akashandisa nzira, iyo yakabuda panguva Yana Zhizhki. Kutanga Hussite sangano inozivikanwa pakuti itsva revarwi vamapoka varwi vaiva untrained uye kukodzera kurwa ane nyanzvi hondo mambo. Nokufamba kwenguva, kushaikwa iyi kurairirwa mutsika protestors Czechs Knights.

An utsanzi chinokosha chaiva Hussite zvitengeswa chitima. Saka akadana nhare, iyo yakavakwa kubva ngoro kudzivirira sokuronga kukosha nzvimbo muhondo. Maiva muCzech hondo muEurope vakatanga kushandisa pfuti, asi zvakanga zviri nani chinyakare ezvinhu vachigere kukanganisa zvikuru migumisiro hondo. A rinokosha yakanga reDare vamabhiza, idzo pomugove chitima aiva chipingamupinyi chakakomba.

Pamusangano WHO akaisa pfuti kuti akapfura muvengi uye arege kupaza masvingo. Supply chitima dzakavakwa mune rectangular chimiro. Paiva kakawanda kacho kana kudhonzwa ngoro vakakomba nomugero, rwakazokura wokuwedzera zvinobatsira kuti Hussites. In dura chitima vakwane kusvika vanhu 20, hafu vacho vakanga museve anorova vamabhiza kusvika kure.

Nokuda tactical mazano, hondo Prokop Naked kamwe boka vokuGermany zvakare. Mushure pahondo Ústí nad Labem, zvisinei Czech nevarwi kwemakore matatu yakarwisa kakawanda muAustria uye Saxony uye kunyange vakakomba Vienna uye rokuNuremberg, hazvina zvazvakabatsira.

Zvinofadza kuti panguva ino Hussites vakatanga vanoshingaira kutsigira vamiririri vokuPoland kwamachinda uye Knights wenyika ino, pasinei zviremera dzavo. ukama Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa nyore tsananguro imwe. The Poles, kufanana Czechs, kuva Slavs aitya simbisa German simba panyika yavo. Naizvozvo Hussite kufamba, muna pfupi, haana chete rechitendero, asi akawana nyika munuhwi.

Hurukuro VaKaturike

Muna 1431, Pope Martin V akadana muBasel Cathedral (ainzi nokuti nzvimbo rokusangana), zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa kunetsana pamwe Czechs kuburikidza nezvibvumirano. Yaingoda izvi, vechikamu uye vatungamiri Hussite kufamba. nhume hwakagadzwa, izvo akaenda muBasel. It akatungamirirwa Prokop Guru. Hurukuro, izvo yaaipedza aine vaKaturike, wakaguma kukundikana. Mapato ari kunetsana vakakundikana kusvika nzwisisa. Hussite Embassy kumusha.

Kukundikana nenhume zvakatungamirira imwe zvaparadzanisa pakati vapanduki. Vakawanda Czech kwamachinda vakasarudza kuedza zvakare kutaurirana vaKaturike, asi kwete kuteerera zvinodiwa Taborites. Rakanga rokupedzisira uye yenhamo atsamwira, izvo vakaparadza Hussite kufamba. Table inoratidza huru zviitiko chokuita Czech yemuna inotungamirirwa vakamira Chashniki uye Taborites.

Wokupedzisira paradzanisa Hussites

Taborite kana zvikazikamwa kuti mwero Hussites zvakare vachiedza kuwana kunzwisisa pamwe vaKaturike, vakaenda rePlzeň, uko akakunda Catholic kota. Chiitiko ichi chakanga rokupedzisira uswa ruzhinji Czech wemadzishe uyo pakupedzisira akasvika chibvumirano naPapa. Vairemekedzwa vaneta ane hondo yakanga zvichiitika kwemakore gumi nemashanu. Czech Republic akarara matongo, uye upfumi kwayo, izvo zvaitsamira zvakanaka hari hazvigoni kudzorerwa kusvikira kusvikira pane rugare.

Kazhinji, mumwe feudal tenzi akanga hondo yake duku, iine Knights kukupfura. Kana hari Union akatobatana ndirwo akabatana vaKaturike, uye varwi wokuPrague, vari mauto matsva vaiva 13 zviuru akapakata zvombo nenyanzvi. Panguva musoro weuto akamira Utraquists feudal Diviš Bořek. Uyewo kuhondo vakatsigira ramangwana Czech King George pamusoro Podebrady.

Hondo Lipan

Taborite inotsigira 16 maguta Czech, kusanganisira pachake reTabhori uye Zatec, Nymburk uye zvichingodaro. D. Army radicals vachiri inotungamirirwa Prokop Mukuru, uyo ruoko rworudyi rwakanga mumwe mutungamiri Prokop Small. Taborite hondo pamwe muvengi asati vakakwanisa kutora vakasununguka nzvimbo nokuda kwokudzivirira pamusoro pechikomo. Prokop vaitarisira abudirire chaiwo nzira ake aisanganisira kushandiswa romugove chitima, uyewo akapfeka pasi muvengi uye kusarudza counterattack.

May 30, 1434 maviri hondo muvengi airwisana mune hondo Lipan yokupedzisira. Prokop Hurongwa rakatangwa zvinobudirira kusvikira ndataura aine pakaunda-kurwiswa apo Taborites akaziva kuti Utraquists vakatanga rwokunyepera shure, kuti vavatungamirire kuti hwomutambarakede chinzvimbo.

Pana pamusoro avaida hondo wakasara shure shure vamabhiza akapakata zvombo. vamabhiza Izvi vakamirira chiratidzo pakati kungoerekana kurwisa sokuvapo Taborites vakanga kwete kuzvidzivirira chinzvimbo. Pakupedzisira, kutsva uye azere nesimba Knights wokurwisa muvengi, uye radicals vakamhanya kumusasa wake chepakutanga. Nokukurumidza vakawira nerubatsiro chitima. In kudzivirira masvingo aya vakaurayiwa vatungamiriri Taborite - Prokop Mukuru uye Prokop Small. Utraquists akava mutsindo kukunda, izvo chakaratidza kuguma Hussite hondo.

Zvichireva dzidziso Hussite

Pashure pokukundwa panguva Hondo Lipan yakakura bapiro pakupedzisira vakakundwa. Taborites achiri, asi pashure 1434, havana kugona kuronga kwebope nedanda rechikero kwakafanana yapfuura hondo. MuCzech Republic pave nekuyanana uye coexistence yevaKaturike Utraquists. Utraquists yakasiyana kuchinja duku mune mhemberero pane basa, uye ndangariro yakanaka Jan Hus.

By uye huru, Czech munzanga vakadzokera chinzvimbo, kwakaitika pamberi kumukirawo. Saka, zviri Hussite hondo haana kutungamirira vamwe vachinje zvikuru munyika upenyu. Panguva iyoyowo, imwe hondo yechitendero pamusoro vehunyengeri zvakakonzera guru kukuvara upfumi Czech Republic. Central Europe mashomanana emakore kurapa maronda hondo.

Humwe migumisiro Hussite rwokufamba rakava pachena zvikuru chete gare gare, apo ari XVI remakore, yose Europe vakatanga Reformation muitiro. Paiva Lutheranism Calvin. Hondo Yemakore Makumi Matatu muna 1618-1648 gg. vazhinji Europe vaiuya rusununguko rwokunamata. Kuti vabudirire iri uye kukosha Hussite sangano, waiva mavambo Yokuchinja.

MuCzech yemuna mumwe zviratidzo kudada nenyika. Munyika, unogona kuenda revashanyi, izvo zvichaita kuti vashanyi kushanyira zvirangaridzo yacho Hussite kufamba. MuCzech Republic vanokoshesa kuyeuka iye uye magamba ake.