Dzhon Fon Neyman: Biography uye Bibliographie

Ndiani of Neumann? zita rake riri yaizivikanwa dzakafara negurumwandira vakawanda, musayendisiti ndisingatombozive kufarira kukuru dzakakwirira masvomhu. Chinhu ndechokuti kwakasimbiswa misoro pfungwa kushanda kombiyuta. To musi zvinonzi rakatangwa muna mamiriyoni pamba uye hofisi makombiyuta.

The budiriro mukuru Neumann

Akanzi munhu-kwemasvomhu muchina, murume kwakakwana zvisingarambiki. Iye farai zvechokwadi apo akasangana akaoma Conceptual basa kuti inoda kwete chete kubvumirana, asiwo asati kusikwa ichi nemamwe chokushandisa. The musayendisiti pachake, pamwe ake dzose mwero, zvishomanana kwazvo, mumakore achangopfuura - matatu pfungwa - verenga mipiro vake masvomhu:

- nheyo quantum Vanamakanika;

- pakusikwa dzidziso kunofashukira dzaishandisa;

- ergodic dzidziso.

Haana kunyange kutaura mipiro vake dzidziso mitambo, chidzoke zvigadzirwa makombiyuta, automata dzidziso. Izvi zvinonzwisisika, nokuti akataurirana pamusoro zvedzidzo masvomhu, apo pamabasa ake sevasingagoni hunoshamisa RESE kwevanhu pfungwa, uyewo anoshanda Anri Puankare, David Hilbert, Germana Veylya.

Sociable sangvinistichesky mhando

Kunyange neshamwari dzake dzose akayeuka kuti pamwe rinopfuura romunhu kugona kushanda, of Neumann aiva terrific pfungwa zvinosetsa, aiva kwakajeka storyteller, uye musha wake Princeton (mushure kutamira kuUnited States) aizivikanwa sendarama vaenzi uye ushamwari. Friends of mweya haina chayali uye kunyange ziso akadana nokungoita zita Johnny.

Aiva zvikuru atypical yemasvomhu. Hungarian kufarira vanhu, vake zvinoshamisa varambe vachifara makuhwa. Zvisinei, akanga kupfuura anoshivirira kusava nesimba kwevanhu. Chinhu choga akanga akatsunga - mune zvedzidzo kusatendeseka.

Musayendisiti zvakafanana nekunhonga dzevanhu utera uye quirks kuti chine hurongwa kutsauka nhamba. Aida kare, mabhuku, Encyclopedic nomusoro mashoko uye misi. Von Neumann kunze mutauro waamai zvakatsetseka anotaura Chirungu, German, French. Akataurawo, kunyange asina pasina zvaunokanganisa, nechiSpanish. Ndakaverenga muchiLatin uye nechiGiriki.

Zvaiita sokunge shasha ichi? Full murume svikiro yakakwirira vari vachena suit ine leisurely, asi gogonera, asi sezvineiwo nomuzvarirwo kuwedzera uye decelerating gait. Rakapinza anopenya. conversationalist Good. Nyaya dzinofarirwa kutaura kwemaawa.

Uduku

Biography Von Neumann kunotanga 23.12.1903 gore. Pazuva iroro muBudapest mumhuri bhenga Max of Neumann János aberekwa, mukurusa vanakomana vatatu. Zvikamushungurudza ramangwana mhiri Atlantic kuva John. Sei zvinoreva dzidzo yakakodzera muupenyu hwomunhu, kuva unyanzvi hwavo! chikoro Kunyange asati vakaripira John akagadzirira vadzidzisi baba. zvesekondari akave nokugamuchira mukomana ari vepamusoro weLutheran jimunasiyamu. Nenzira, naye akadzidzawo E. Wigner, remangwana akahwina mubayiro weNobel.

Ipapo jaya kudzidza paYunivhesiti muBudapest. To mufaro wake, kunyange chesekondari apo János akasangana mudzidzisi Mathematics Laslo makonzo. Zvanzi mudzidzisi ane tsamba guru hwakapiwa mukomana kuvhura mune ramangwana kwemasvomhu shasha. Iye chakaunzwa mudenderedzwa Hungarian János kwemasvomhu vepamusoro, umo wokutanga gitare achitamba Lipot Fejer. Nemhaka patronage pamusoro M. Fekete uye J. of Neumann Kyurshaka atova pedyo nenguva matriculation chichiwanikwa mu academia mukurumbira tarenda muduku. kutanga kwake kwakanga mangwanani chaizvoizvo. bepa yake yokutanga zvesayenzi, "On pakugoverwa shoma zeros pakati polynomials" János akanyora nemakore nemakore 17.

Romantic uye klassiske anokungurutsirwa munzvimbo imwe

Neumann anomira pakati seane uchenjeri mathematicians nokuda kwayo pakawanda. Kunze, zvichida, chete dzidziso nhamba, zvose zvimwe mapazi wemasvomhu pakawanda vaifurirwa kwemasvomhu pfungwa wokuHungary. Masayendisiti (kupatsanura B. Oswald) ndivo kana Romantics (emagetsi pfungwa), kana kuti Classics (kukwanisa dzokubvisa nezvemigumisiro pfungwa uye kuronga zvizere dzidziso.) Rinogona kunzi zvose mhando. Kumiririra kuti zvijeke zvikuru mabasa Neumann nechekumashure, nokudaro wokupemberera nharaunda wemasvomhu inoenderana.

1. Set dzidziso :

- "On the axioms ose yakatarwa yokuti" (1923).

- "To Hilbert hwokuti dzidziso" (1927).

2. Game dzidziso:

- "On dzidziso inokosha mitambo" (1928).

- Chinokosha basa "Economic maitiro uye mutambo pfungwa" (1944).

3. Quantum hurongwa:

- "Pahwaro quantum Vanamakanika" (1927).

- The bhuku "kwemasvomhu nheyo Quantum Mechanics" (1932).

4. Ergodic dzidziso:

- "Pamusoro nemasvomhu pamusoro dzichipfekeka dzaishandisa .." (1929).

- A dzakatevedzana mabasa "On pazvindori dzaishandisa" (1936 - 1938).

5. Applications akasika kombiyuta:

- "nhamba inversion pamusoro matrices mukuru kuti" (1938).

- "Kukurukurwa uye General dzidziso Automata" (1948).

- "reongororo yakavimbika enyika pamwe vasingavimbiki zvinhu" (1952).

Pakutanga Dzhon Fon Neyman zvinofungidzirwa munhu anogona vakabatikana ake kufarira nesayenzi. Maererano naye, ruoko rwaMwari anopiwa vanhu kutanga pamasvomhu unyanzvi uye makore 26 okuberekwa. Yaiva mangwanani kutanga, maererano masayendisiti, ndiyo unopfuura kukosha. Zvadaro, pane vateveri "mambokadzi sayenzi", nguva nyanzvi Sophistication.

Kukura nemhaka emakore basa zvinodiwa, maererano Neumann, izvozvo compensates kuti kuderera dzinongoitika nemano. Zvisinei, kunyange pashure pamakore akawanda musayendisiti vaikudzwa uye chipo uye zvinoshamisa chaitwa, vachiva haaperi pane chisarudzo mabasa anokosha. Somuenzaniso, mashoko akarongeka nheyo quantum dzidziso akamutora zvadzo maviri makore. A kunyatsodzidza, zvakanga zvakafanana wezviuru makore basa rose vezvesayenzi.

On nenhungamiro of Neumann

Apo kazhinji vakatanga zvidzidzo zvavo muduku Neumann pamusoro mabasa inozvikudza mapurofesa vakati kuti "pedyo nenzara eshumba kudzidza"? Iye akatanga kugadzirisa dambudziko, kutanga zvaitwa nemutoo wegadziriro axioms.

Ngationei imwe nyaya. Ndezvipi zvinotaurwa of Neumann, apera muna Pfungwa yavo kwemasvomhu uzivi chokuvakira kombiyuta? chikuru musoro axioms dzavo. Ko kuti kupenya kunzwisisa sayenzi akandipa zvipikirwa izvi!

Vane zvikukutu uye, zvinhu, kunyange zvazvo theorist zvichinzi kana kombiyuta yakanga isati pamberi:

1. Computers vanofanira kushanda nenhamba hunomirirwa binary chimiro. Last correlated pamwe ehupfumi ose semiconductors.

2. kadambari muitiro iri zvinoberekwa muchina, dzinodzorwa achishandisa nokudzora chirongwa, inova formalized kutevedzana mirayiro executable.

3. Kuyeukwa kombiyuta anoita hunyambiri nerevane: okuchengetera uye mashoko uye zvirongwa. Uye avo uye vamwe encoded mu binary chimiro. Access purogiramu yakafanana date kuwana. Maererano mhando umboo ndivo chete, asi ivo vakasiyana nenzira kubudiswa uye angadaro kuyeuka sero.

4. Memory masero Addressable kombiyuta. Pane imwe kero, unogona nguva dzose kuwana humboo mumabhatiri muchitokisi. Saka kushanda mapurogiramu variables.

5. Urongwa yakasiyana nedzimwe kurongeka vakauraya mirayiro nokushandisa ndokunge mashoko. Zvisinei, vachamhanya vari nemasikirwo zvinyorwa zvavo, uye vachitevera yakanatsa programmer kukanganiswa iitike.

mwoyo yefizikisi

Outlook Neumann akabvumira kuwana pfungwa kwemasvomhu munyika yakafara uchirovedza mananara. John Von Neumann nheyo dzakaumbwa pamwechete rokusika basa kuumba kombiyuta EDVAK pamwe masayendisiti chaiko.

Mumwe wavo, ainzi Uramu anoyeuka kuti John pakarepo vakanzwisisa pfungwa dzavo, ipapo muuropi ake kurishandura mumutauro wemasvomhu. Kubvumira kuti akagadzira mashoko uye dunhu (prikidochnye pakuverenga musayendisiti zvinenge pakarepo kubudiswa mupfungwa), zviri saizvozvo kunzwisiswa musimboti dambudziko. Uye yokupedzisira pavaipfuura basa kuitwa deductive Hungarian vakachinja musana wavo zvakabudiswa kuti "mutauro wefizikisi," uye akapa mashoko kupfuura ano romuromo navo.

deductive kwakadaro akaita simba mupfungwa nevamwe ariita kukura chirongwa.

Analytical pfungwa kombiyuta basa

Zviga kushanda of Neumann kombiyuta rinopa takaparadzana michina uye Software nhengo. Kana kushandura chirongwa kubudirira risingaperi functionality. The musayendisiti akakwanisa chaizvo zvakanyanya analytically kuziva chikuru dzichipfekeka zvemamiriro yemberi hurongwa. Somunhu chinhu rokudzora, iye akafunga izvozvo dzinovaka. The musayendisiti akapa zita mudziyo dzichipfekeka dzakabatana, rwakazokura kiyi remangwana mashoko chimurenga. Saka, imwe zvekufungidzira kombiyuta of Neumann raisanganisirei:

- kombiyuta ndangariro kana okuchengetera mudziyo (rakapfupikiswa - SP);

- mumwe svomhu-pfungwa chikwata (ALU);

- kudzorwa unit (GAC);

- chiyamuro uye goho namano.

Kunyange kugara imwe remakore, tinogona kuona kuti kubudirira Pazvinhu pfungwa somunhu epiphany, chizaruro. Zvisinei, chaizvoizvo akanga? Pashure ose pamusoro mamiriro, chaizvoizvo, akanga zvibereko yakasiyana nedzimwe basa musoro michina chimiro, zita iro munhu - Neiman.

Masvomhu akava chiridzwa chake chikuru. Superbly zvakanyorwa pamusoro kutanga yakadaro, zvinosuwisa, ichitova chaiwo ava kunopera Umberto Eco. "Genius anogara vachiridza imwe maatomu akafanana. Asi mutambo wacho zvokuti penya kuti mutambo uyu unosanganisira zvose zvimwe zvinhu! "

Functional dhayagiramu kuti kombiyuta

Panzira, kunzwisisa kwake ichi nyanzvi nesayenzi akataura munyaya "Mathematics". The mberi chero sainzi riri kuonekwa mano ayo kuti mumunda kwemasvomhu nzira matanho. Kuti akarongeka Modelling inoitwa nazvo razova chinhu chinokosha nokugadzirwa dzataurwa pamusoro apa. Kazhinji, ari dzekare mavakirwo of Neumann akatarira kudaro, sezvinoratidzwa chati.

zano ichi anoita sezvinotevera: yepakutanga data, uye chirongwa zvokudya mugadziriro kuburikidza chiyamuro mudziyo. Naizvozvo vari kupatsanurwa pane imwe svomhu pfungwa chikwata (ALU). It anoita mirayiro. Mumwe nomumwe wavo rine mashoko kubva chii masero vanofanira kutora mashoko iyo kwema kwavari kuita, kuti aponese apo mugumisiro (ekupedzisira iri rakatangwa muna kuyeuka - kuyeuka). The goho Data rinogonawo kuva goho zvakananga Via imwe goho mudziyo. Kana ichi (kusiyana okuchengetera ari ndangariro), vari dzakashandisa Maonero evanhu.

General Administration uye Kufambisa ari pamusoro STRUCTURAL dzakabatana takatsunga ne nokudzora unit (GAC). Unotonga mashandiro basa chirongwa yemabhuku, makatungamirira yakaoma Zvidavirire pamusoro murayiro kuuraya dzavo.

An wenhoroondo chiitiko

Kuti ave akaoma, zvinokosha kuziva kuti basa iri kwezvisikwa kombiyuta achiri rezvizhinji. Computers Von Neumann yakataurwa kuitira uye mari Ballistic Laboratory of US muchiuto. Historical chiitiko, somugumisiro iyo basa rose rinoitwa nemasayendisiti BOKA aitwa John of Neumann, akaberekwa netsaona. Chokwadi chokuti mukuru rondedzero mavakirwo (ndiko yakatumwa vezvesayenzi Zvokukurukura) vanoumba mumwe chete siginicha papeji yokutanga. Zvino raiva siginicha Neumann. Saka, nokuda nemitemo kunyoresa migumisiro tsvakurudzo masayendisiti vane pfungwa yokuti munyori yose iri basa rave yose inonyatsozivikanwa wokuHungary.

pachinzvimbo mhedziso

In kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunyange nhasi rapanzvimbo yemasvomhu zvikuru kukura kombiyuta pfungwa vakapfuura nezvaanogona yebudiriro ano. Kunyanya, basa of Neumann kunoburitsa kupa ruzivo gadziriro mikana bereka. Uye pakupedzisira, konekwa basa rake rinonzi sverhaktualno kunyange nhasi: "The kombiyuta uye uropi."