Biography uye mabasa Fernand Braudel

Mabasa uye mabasa Fernand Braudel chinorondedzerwa kukura kwete chete French asiwo nyika chenhau nesayenzi muzana remakore rechi20. musayendisiti ichi akaita chimurenga chaiyo iri historiography uye tsime, ane kusimbiswa okudzidza hakusi zviitiko, sezvakaita vamutangira uye vazhinji vezera rake, uye kunyanya kukura nhoroondo rose, kumhanya uye nesimba pamusoro Kushandurwa socio-upfumi zvebasa evanhu hurongwa. Sezvo chikamu tsvakurudzo wake, akatsvaka kuratidza nhoroondo zvarwo, hakugumiri munhu retelling chokwadi uye zviitiko. Akanga Kuzivikanwa dzakawanda, aiva nhengo yesangano yakadai French Academy, tikashumira mune mamwe makuru dzidzo nzvimbo.

General unhu mirayiridzo

Kutungamirirwa Kugadzirwa nhoroondo nesayenzi muzana remakore rechi20 dzinongoita pakutsvaga vaduku yenhau chikoro, vamiririri iro vanoonekwa akwegura positivist historiography outmoded uye akakurudzira kuti kuteerera kwete facts, asi pamusoro pezvakaitwa iri upfumi uye nzanga, izvo, mu pfungwa dzavo, zvinoumba nyaya chaiyo iri apo kwokunze enyika zviitiko uye chokwadi - chete kwekunze kuoneka kuchinja dzavo. Zita mirayiridzo chaiva magazini zvakafanana zita, yakabudiswa M. Bloch uye Lucien Febvre. Magazini ino itsva yave munhare pfungwa itsva historiography French, asi pakutanga renhoroondo dzamadzimambo chikoro haana kunakidzwa mukurumbira kwakapararira nokuda kutonga pakati positivist nesayenzi.

Zvimwe zvinhu muupenyu

Ramangwana akakurumbira wenhau rokutanga uye aina tsika dzayo, vakwegura mitemo uye nhoroondo kudzidza akataura munhu vatongi, vezvematongerwo, zviitiko enyika. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza, Iye vabva dzemitemo idzodzo uye akabatana kuerera muduku yenhau. Asi tisati mberi kuti kuongorora maonero ake, unofanira kugara Biography ake, pashure zvose zviitiko muupenyu hwake, aiva simba guru pakukura kwake somunhu akakurumbira mutsvakurudzi nguva yake.

Nzvimbo kuberekwa dzakaitika - muduku French musha Lotarigii, riri pamuganhu Germany. Akaberekerwa muna 1902 mumhuri yevanhuwo zvavo: baba vake aiva mudzidzisi wemasvomhu, sekuru vake - murwi uye murimi. Childhood dzakaitika ramangwana kupedzerwa mumusha, kuchengeta upenyu zvavo kushanda vanhu vakanga simba guru munyika, zvichaita zvikurukuru kuona ake kufarira nyaya dzoupenyu. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo pakuzvarwa, maererano netsamba yacho munyori, akanga ari chikoro chokutanga nokuda kwayo Akauya vazive kukosha uye kukosha muupenyu vanhuwo zvavo.

Muna 1909, iye chikoro chepuraimari ari Paris sabhabha, uye ipapo guru Lyceum. Maererano nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika, kudzidza apiwa nyore zvikuru: aiva ndangariro dzakanaka, akanga aifarira kuverenga, zvinoyevedza zvakasikwa, nhoroondo, uye nemhaka pakugadzirira baba vake uye kutsungirira kwemasvomhu anoranga. Vabereki vake vaida kuti zvekushandisa dzakagadzirirwa, asi dzakaitika vakabatana rorusununguko Humanities panguva Sorbonne. Fernand Braudel, kufanana vadzidzi vaduku vakawanda panguva iyoyo, aifarira dingindira vechimurenga, uye akanga achiedza kuwana dhigirii, sarudza musoro kuti dissertation kutanga nayo muguta, riri pedyo nomusha musha wake, asi urongwa izvi havana achaiswa ichizadzika.

Shanda kunze

Scientist akaenda Algeria, achidzidzisa kubva muna 1923 kusvika 1932. Akanga kwakajeka mudzidzisi uye kare akazvisiyanisa somudzidzisi penya. In netsamba dzake, namakore yaiva zvazvinoita: akanga aifarira nyika reMediterranean, kuti akasarudza kutsaurira chinyorwa chake. Mumakore aya anodzidzisa kwete chete, asi zvikuru fruitfully aidaro mabasa zvesainzi, kushanda pamwe magwaro zvakachengetedzwa. Akanga dzichipfekeka chaizvo uye kwemakore akanga vakaunganidza guru yakawanda zvinhu yakakwana kunyora tsvakurudzo. Panguva ino, racho rake yokutanga nyaya (1928).

Change pamafungiro

On paumbwe nyika Fernand Braudel yakanga zvikuru nokuda musangano Lucien Febvre muna 1932, apo vose kunyika yokumusha kwavo. vachimuziva ichi dzinongoita pakutsvaga peculiarities zvayo nzira yesayenzi ramangwana. Akava asina chete mutsigiri pfungwa yacho Annales chikoro, asiwo shamwari yepedyo. Scientist collaborated pamwe yakakurumbira magazini, vakazochinja kwakakanganisa zvaakanyora. Chokwadi kuti pakutanga akasarudza nyaya yake dissertation mitemo naMambo Philip II muMediterranean, izvo hwaienzanirana tsika positivist historiography, asi zvino wakafamba kubva munhu mutongi uye chikuru chinhu kutsvakurudza wake akasarudza kuita nyaya zvakatipoteredza, kudzidza vakawanda kuitika kukura pa pedyo pfungwa upfumi, magariro mamiriro, upfumi. Saka wenhoroondo French, akava muvambi pakutevedzera idzva historiography - geohistory, unosanganisira kudzidza mananara rokupedzisira kubatana mune pedyo chokuita hunhu okunze, mamiriro enzvimbo zvinhu.

Shanda muBrazil uye munguva yehondo

Kubva 1935 kusvika 1937 akadzidzisa musayendisiti payunivhesiti wokuBrazil. basa idzva iri, akati, uyewo aiva zvikuru zvazvinoita, kunyanya mune tsika mupfungwa. Kuva nehanya pachisikigo, akanga aine liveliest kufarira kuona upenyu panzvimbo vashoma marudzi vakazoroorwa akasarudza kufarirwa Fernand Braudel kuti dambudziko iri coexistence kwenzanga siyana. Paakadzokera kumba, akanga achitungamirirwa shamwari yake akasarudza kunyora kunyora nhoroondo Mediterranean, asi maererano nenhungamiro mutsva, asi mavambo hondo uye basa munyika zvakachinja urongwa iwayo.

Munyori wokutanga vakarwa, asi kwete kwenguva refu, sezvo akanga akabatwa pamwe chete vakasara bato rake uye kusvikira 1945 akagara muutapwa. Zvisinei, akawana simba mberi. Scientist achishanda ndangariro, kudzorera ayo zvakachengetedzwa zvinyorwa nebudiriro yapfuura makore. Mukuwedzera, muongorori akakwanisa kumisa kuonana Febvre, uyo pashure kupfura of Bloc kwavo mubasa kurwisa sangano rakanga chete musoro mirayiridzo yaMakoronike. Braudel akaiswa mujeri muguta wokuMainz, apo akanga yunivhesiti, uye mamiriro yevasungwa vasungwa vehondo vakanga vasiri kwazvo. Pano akakwanisa kuramba basa rake, iro rave zvinobudirira kudzivirirwa, pashure pehondo, muna 1947.

The post-hondo emakore,

Mushure bhuku rake akakurumbira dissertation "The reMediterranean nyika Mediterranean muzera Philip II» munyori kwava mumiririri vakaziva chechikoro chitsva. Panguva iyoyo, akanga vobatanidzwa pakudzidzisa, uye akagadza pacharo kwete chete sezvo unyanzvi musayendisiti, asiwo se shasha murongi. Muna 1947, iye neshamwari dzake akavamba chikamu 6 École pratique of hautes Etudes, razova inoita itsva tsvakurudzo kuitika. Pakafa Febvre, akava purezidhendi wayo uye akabata chinzvimbo ichi kusvikira 1973. Akavawo mupepeti wemagazini yacho, uye akatanga kudzidzisa panguva College of France, uko kuenda kuti dhipatimendi yebudiriro ano.

Kushaya kubva nevamwe

Zvisinei, pashure zvakaitika 1968 mu wematambudziko wake, sezvo ari zvichaitika munyika, pane kuchinja zvikuru. Chokwadi ndechokuti gore rino rakatanga vakawanda mudzidzi kufamba, izvo vakawana chaizvo yakafarikana dzose. Braudel, pashure kudzoka kumba, akaedza kuti abatane vadzidzi vari Nhaurirano, asi nguva ino akawana kuti mashoko ake regai kwavari vakada kuita sezvinoitwa yapfuura makore. Uyezve, yakawanikwa kuti iye pachake vaiona mumiririri ane chikare nesayenzi. Pashure pezviitiko izvi, akasarudza kusiya vakawanda vavo mbiru uye akazvipira chete kune mabasa nesayenzi.

basa idzva

Kubva muna 1967 kusvika muna 1979 akanga achishanda nesimba rake guru basa rinotevera "Iyi budiriro, upfumi uye capitalism." Akashingaira raiita kuoma: kudzidza nhoroondo Vos rechi15 kusvikira muzana remakore rechi18. In basa ichi chinokosha nawo guru nhoroondo zvinhu vakaratidza zvigadziriswe pakati zvoupfumi, kutengeserana, zvokunyama ezvinhu okuvapo kwevanhu. Akanga kufarira basa nhume vatengesi, vatengesi uye mabhanga.

Maererano musayendisiti, upfumi uye nzanga zvikonzero, idzo raumbwa gumi apfuura, vava hwaro mitemo, zviitiko raasina batanidza zvikuru kukosha, tichifunga kuti zvachero uye uninteresting nokuda musayendisiti, nokuti zvakanga kazhinji achitsoropodzwa. Uyewo, akanga achipomerwa kuti akanga achiedza kunyora nhoroondo yose uye kugamuchira zvose zvoupenyu, iro chaizvoizvo hazviiti. Zvisinei, basa idzva vaongorori kwakachinja kutungamirirwa kukura historiography.

The maonero methodological kuswedera

History choupenyu hwezuva nezuva vakava chikuru chinhu kutsvakurudza ake. Asi kufarira ndiko pamuviri wake chenhau nguva, raakanga rakakamurwa refu (Chikurukuru, anofukidza kuvapo kwenzanga), pfupi (zvakaitika munhu nguva kuti vafukidze upenyu evanhu), uye paavhareji, kuchovha (zvinosanganisira duku nemateru nezvisingafadzi dzakasiyana mabhora munzanga ). Asati afa, akashanda achishingaira kushanda vakazvipira kuti nhoroondo France, chikamu rinonzi "Vanhu uye Zvinhu", umo akanga ichiitwa kumbonyatsoongorora kuongorora vanhu nechouviri, upenyu hwake uye peculiarities okukura. Asi iye akafa muna 1985 pasina ndakapedza basa rake kusvikira pakuguma.

ukoshi

Basa musayendisiti iri historiography haagoni dzakanaka. Akaita kumukira chaiyo zvesayenzi, vaenda pashure vamiririri Annales chikoro nhoroondo chokwadi kuti adzidze zveupfumi kwendangariro. Akadzidzisa renyeredzi renyanzvi, kusanganisira usage akadai Duby, Le Goff nevamwe. basa rake rakava chiitiko chinokosha munhoroondo nesayenzi, uye zvikurukuru vakatsunga nhungamiro kukura kwayo muzana remakore rechi20.