Kwevaapostora - Kwevaapostora ndiko ... chikuru uye yechipiri. mienzaniso successions

Kwevaapostora - zvachose kuchinja zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza munharaunda, kuti chidzoke wemumwe. Inogona kukonzerwa chero dzinongoitika chakajairika kana kuva pasi pokudzora murume. Ecological kutevedzana iri pakutanga kuongororwa nevamiririri nemasayendisiti akadai geobotany. Mune ramangwana, chiitiko ichi chave nyaya mubereko uye nezvimwe dzezvakatipoteredza. Mapiyona, yakaratidza kukosha yokugara, simbi F. Clements, VN Sukachov, S. M. Razumovsky. Next, isu kuongorora pfungwa muudzame, ratinoparidza kupatsanura. Uyezve, nyaya chichange chinorondedzerwa nzira neurongwa nenzira muenzaniso.

mazwi

Ndiani akatanga tsananguro? Zvakananga pfungwa "kutevedzana" akanga aronga naF Clements chidzore nguva-chaiwo anotevedzana utachiona munharaunda. Ivo vanoonekwa ne paumbwe imwe nhamba kana series, saka kuti anosika zvinhu asati kukura chinotevera. Kana kusina zvinhu aigona kuti pave nekukurukurirana mumwe pakutevedzana, dzinoti inoguma ane hwakanyatsorwisa kugadzikana munharaunda, izvo dzinoratidzwa dzose exchange. Education, zvataurwa pamusoro apa, akanga akatsunga vachibatsirwa chinokosha Clements rokuti "kubereka". Maererano masayendisiti, ndiko inogona kuenderera munharaunda mukati izvo hapana zvinokonzera sei chero kuchinja kwayo kukura. Ya nezvokuvapo kubereka hakuna kukosha.

kupatsanura

Kwevaapostora inogona akarayira pamusoro siyana chikonzero. Achibatsirwa kupatsanura maererano siyana nzira inogona dzinounzwa akasiyana-siyana marudzi successions. Pakati Zviratidzo izvi: inotungamirwa zvazvingava / attenuation, kwenguva refu, reversibility, kutsungirira, mavambo, muitiro okukura (kana kufamba kudzikisirana), kuchinja uwandu uye kusiyana kwemarudzi. Patsanura zvinobvira kutsivana munhu muzvizhinji ane zvigadziko. Muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano muitiro kunonyanya zvinoenderana chii chinangwa musayendisiti. Panguva iyoyowo, pane mhando successions, dzikarongwa pachisikirwo zvichiitika munharaunda iyi yakagadzikana kwendangariro. On hwaro ichi, masayendisiti vanozivikanwa huru mhando mbiri: endogenous uye exogenous. Sei zvakasiyana? Endogenous kutevedzana - kuchinja uku imhaka mabasa munharaunda pachavo. Kukonzera kwacho kazhinji anova kusaenzana mune exchange. Nemamwe mashoko, zvinhu zviri kuitwa basa dzomukati zvinhu. Exogenous kutevedzana - shanduko iyi Penina nezvinenge zvaitika.

zvidukuduku

Pemasango Somuenzaniso, zvinogona munyaya dzakawanda successions pamusoro zvishoma nezvishoma panguva imwe chete. mukana kwakadaro imhaka kuchinja nenzira kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi kana uchityaira. Mukuwedzera, kutanga kungaita kuchinja mwando, zviri chero yeimwe chaizvo kana magasi, tembiricha, uye zvichingodaro. N. Chiito ivhu saka pamwe refu zvakakwana kushandura zvose chirimwa uye microbial vomunharaunda.

Kutsivana nesekondari

Ko izvi Zvavari kuita? Ngatikurukurei zvimwe. Primary kutevedzana kunoratidzwa nokuti Rwako pamusoro asingabereki nomunzvimbo dzine. Izvi zvinogona kuva dombo risina pasina uswa, jecha nzvimbo, nokuomesa dhaka, uye zvakafanana. Kana muviri anotanga kugara munzvimbo idzi, muviri wavo inobata kwezvakatipoteredza ochinja nayo. Zvadaro anotanga kupfuura kunzwisisa kukura. Zvino chitanga mhando humwewo. Muenzaniso paumbwe yokugara kutanga ivhu, jecha kugadzirisa pakutanga upenyu nharaunda, kunyanya nokuda tupukanana tusingaoneki, zvinomera, uye ipapo notumwe uye mhuka. A rinokosha iri kuridzwa pano zvisaririra zvinomera uye zvinhu zvinobva kuna manyowa pane makemikari nyaya. Saka, rwunotanga kuumba uye ichishanduka ivhu vakadhakwa zvigare, zvinomera uye hunokuvadza kuchinja okunze. Somugumisiro richikura nenzanga zvipenyu. kutevedzana ichi - kuchinja ecogenetic. Inonzi saka nokuti anochinja ndima chaizvo pamusoro iyo iripo. Uye yepakutanga pakuonekwa ivhu pamusoro asingabereki nomunzvimbo dzine inonzi syngenetic chinja.

substrate mwando

chikamu ichi ane zvainoita fomu yokugara. Saka, pane zvinotevera mapoka:

1. Kserarhnaya napavhu substrate.
2. Psammokseroseriya, pamusoro pejecha.
3. Litokseroseriya pamatombo nomunzvimbo dzine.
4. Geokseroseriya, yakaoma nevhu kana loam.
5. Mezarhnaya, kana substrate ane unyoro nekaupenyu guru.
6. Gidrarhnaya kana substrate zvikuru nyorovera.

Primary kutevedzana kutora nzvimbo mumatanho dzakawanda. Unogona kuunza mienzaniso inonakidza yokugara. Somuenzaniso, musango mapazi ose upenyu uye chakaoma substrate yokutanga kutsiviwa lichen, chikwindi uye ipapo, uye ipapo hunokura miriwo (Annual), pashure vanotanga kukura munharaunda perennial nemiti, miti, uswa. Pane mimwe mienzaniso yokugara. Saka, kazhinji raireva pakugadzirisa nharaunda dhaka pashure nezvirwere kana mushure aval materu.

panguva muitiro

Kukura chikuru kutevedzana kunoitika panguva imwe chete chete ivhu inotungamirwa. Mugumisiro Nzira yakarohwa kunze mbeu kutsakatika kusagadzikana ezvinhu akanyanyisa uye mizambiringa yakabva kumwe (neumwe nguva) interspecies makwikwi. A kunyanya munharaunda kana kutsiviwa anovandudza kunonyanya kukonzerwa musiyano senitrogen tigutsikane muvhu uye ukuru kuparadzwa chicherwa kwayo chikamu. In ivhu uye dzimwe dzinongoitika microbial munharaunda kutevedzana - kutanga yemanyorero kunokonzerwa nokupinda zvimwe chikamu makemikari mukomboni chero kupi zvako.. Sezvo tusingaoneki akaderedzwa kana kuparadzwa siyana Polymers kunzwisisa kana Absorção de Água vamwe monomers pane mukuru wevasungwa, kana kuti kuvapo nenzara inoomesera ezvinhu, uye mukufamba kuparadzwa panguva kushandisa makemikari STRUCTURAL kuchinja kuchengetwa munharaunda.

kutevedzana yechipiri

azvaiitwa kutungamirira kugarwa yendima pashure mamwe marudzi kukuvara. Somuenzaniso, huni, zvishoma kuparadzwa nemoto. Nyika yaakanga kare nepekugara, akaramba ivhu uye mbeu. Community mishonga yemakwenzi chaizvoizvo akaumba gore rakatevera. Zvino pane Deciduous miti. Under pabutiro Aspen kana Birch dondo kutanga kukura spruce, vakabva displacing hardwoods. Kudzorerwa coniferous miti kunoitika kwemakore anenge 100. Asi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dondo zvakare pasi cheka. Nezvenyaya iyi, munzvimbo dzine nokupora hakuitiki.

Kontinuualizm uye structuralism kudzidza chaivo nharaunda

Pasinei nokuti tsanangudzo dziri postulated Clements, vakashandisa sainzi kwese, pane paradigms mbiri, yakasiyana mumwe. Ngationgororei navo zvizere. Mukati nerimwe paradigms izvi kuona tsanangudzo Clements yakasiyana. Musiyano uri pakati nzira idzi? The vateveri structuralist paradigm kutsigira zvakasimba ndezvipi pamusoro Clements uye mberi kukura dzidziso yake. Kontinualisty nekusiyana, havabvumirani huvepo hwomene mananara dzakadai zvipenyu munharaunda, pakutevedzana, panhongonya, postklimaks, kubereka continuum. In azvino paradigm kuti mararamiro pezvakaitwa vari kuderedzwa kuti kukurukurirana dzakasiyana Mapato kune mumwe. Mhando idzi zvichienderana kontinuualizmu netsaona kutanga kutaura nemumwe uye nezvitunha zvisikwa. sei kontinuualizm? Chokwadi chokuti hapana munyori dzidziso iyi: paradigm uyu akaberekwa zvinenge panguva imwe chete munyika mbiri, vaviri akazvimiririra nharaunda kwesayenzi: kubva L. Ramenskoye muna USSR uye US Mr. Gleason.

Successions muchinangwa nokuumbwa uye yekupindurwa biosphere

Nokuda vakazotevera, kudzidza izvo geobotany kuramba nhasi, ndiyo paumbwe ivhu, kuchinja zvayo sezvamunoita, pakugadzirisa kamwe ngomwa nzvimbo tusingaoneki pakutanga, uye zvino zvinomera, notumwe uye mhuka. Kudzidza dzakashandiswa uye zvenhengo izvo kuitika zvose nesekondari shanduko vomunharaunda rinonyatsoratidza kuti zvakajeka kufanotaura izvo zvipenyu ichatsiva mumwe ari cheni, haukwanise. Zvisinei, zviri yaitsiva chaivo munharaunda rinowanzoberekera nenzira kuti anowedzera kusiyana chaivo vari kudzidza nzvimbo.