Flatworms: mukuru unhu uye mamiriro

makirasi Various akadai sandara Makonye vari kufarira zvikuru yesayenzi. Uye kwete kuti zvinenge aya anonakidza pachazvo. Vakawanda vavo vari zvakare ngozi chaizvo. Flukes uye tapeworms - mapoka maviri mhuka parasitic zvinowanzokonzera chirwere zvikuru dzevanhu uye dzinovaraidza. zoologists izvi vari kubatanidzwa kupinda rimwe boka chete vakasununguka-mupenyu Turbellaria - mufananidzo Plathelminthes (flatworms). General maitiro vavo munyaya iyi. Akanakisisa wakazikamwa navo ndiwo parasitic siyana, izvo anopa muenzaniso alternation zvizvarwa yo munhu parasitic mararamiro akakwana. characterization kwedu mhando flatworms kunotanga STRUCTURAL zviri zvipenyu izvi.

Avilable flatworms

For flukes hwokufananidzira pamberi nezvikokovonho suckers, kunzwisisa dzokubereka nadzo uye kuderedzwa takasvinura. A tapeworm zvikamu vari kunyimwa kunyange ura, nekuti vanorarama akagadzirira-to-kudya zvokudya. Zvikurukuru, mhuka idzi dzinomiririra chete bhegi izere mazai. Pretty mamiriro nyore kwakavakirwa bilateral symmetry vane flatworms. General Unhu ndizvo: kurudyi nekuruboshwe sezvikamu dzomuviri dzakaita mugirazi. Free-zvipenyu flatworms vane flattened muviri chimiro uye chete mugomba rimwe ari ura - muromo. Kweropa ezvinhu, zvinenge aya kunyimwa. We nezvoUmambo yokutanga isina-zvipenyu zvipenyu, richitsanangura mhando flatworms. General maitiro vavo dzinoturwa pazasi.

Free-zvipenyu flatworms: muviri, kufamba uye kusunungurwa

Ectoderm uye endoderm, hunhu coelenterates, flatworms dzakaparadzaniswa yechitatu sero rukoko - mesoderm iyo kuva tsandanyama rinenge uye sikarudzi. The pakuonekwa nenhengo dzawo - Sedanho mberi kana tichienzanisa sangano coelenterates. Most vakasununguka-mhenyu flatworms - hwemvura zvinenge. Vanotanga achishandisa ciliary tsandanyama marwadzo kana kufamba kuti kufukidza muviri wavo. Mbeswa flatworms kushandiswa apo zvokudya huro (nhengo unobva muromo kuti ura) vari aimanikidzwa ayo kugadzirwa uye nokuda tsandanyama sunga dzakabvaruka zvidimbu chikafu, iro zvino zvokudya kupinda ura. Undigested zvokudya residues kunyika huro uye vabudiswa.

Flatworms, sechivako yatiri muchidimbu akaongororwa, - boka rokutanga mhuka umo mune chaiyo excretory hurongwa. It chinomiririrwa zviviri excretory ducts kubatanidza "murazvo masero" uye Huro pakupedzisira pakuguma muviri excretory pores. "Masero zamu" vakagamuchira zita raro nokuda nguva kwazvo muchikwidza nokuderedza inzwi mukati kwavari mwanda kuti cilia, iyo inodzora mvura nechiyero.

Tinopa iwe tinyatsoziva wacho mumiririri mhando flatworms. General unhu uye mufananidzo kuti akubatsire kuti mupe ichi anonakidza muviri.

Procerodeslittoralis

Free-flatworm Procerodeslittoralis otonga kureba 2 cm uye anogara pamaware gungwa kumiganhu. Nderake boka Turbellaria, nhengo dzakawanda dziri hwemvura mararamiro. muviri Ribbon serin'i zvinoita nyore diffuse okisijeni uye magumo zvibereko muviri, izvo zvakakosha kuti mhuka, kunyimwa kweropa hurongwa. Ndizvo ayo mukuru maitiro. Type flatworms kuramba kufunga kuenda rondedzero huta zvinyama uye ziso zvomukati.

Tsinga rinenge kutarisana nhengo rusununguko Makonye

Kuunganidza tsinga rinenge pamberi kuguma sandara muviri honye anoumba uropi, vari mabote maziso maviri chinyakare tsinga. Kunyange zvakadaro, flatworms vazhinji haambotauri chiedza uye anowana zvokudya uchishandisa chemoreceptors. Munguva kuedza, vanokurumidza kuita yakapararira munhuwi zvokudya nemvura.

Ciliated flatworms vane zvinotevera yakarongeka. Meso avo dziri kumusoro kuguma muviri, pamusoro uropi, umo rinokoka peya yerwodzi tsinga. Huro, akakwanisa kutsausa mukati kunze, anovhura kupinda branching ura. mhando dzose - hermaphrodites, tine zvose ovaries uye testes. Yokubereka yokutanga mupinde dzokubereka cloaca, inova copulatory nenyere. Nomunyika oviduct, zai inosimbisa vitellaria secretions.

Flatworms-flukes: mararamiro

Nyore chimiro parasitism - .. Ectoparasitism, kureva upenyu rokunze cover vehondo. Vamwe flukes kuidya mudenga. Somuenzaniso, Gyrodactylus kuda Via kubvisa nemikombe uye nezvikokovonho gills hove, umo iye anodya. Asi munhu ane zvikuru nechomukati parasitic flukes akadai Schistosoma (yaifananidzira pazasi), izvo zvinokonzera schistosomiasis, uye chiropa fluke (Fasciola), kazhinji rinokanganisa bile ducts uye sefuro makwai.

Parasitic ari akura ropa revanhu flukes vose varume navakadzi vanogara ropa midziyo ura, zvichiita kuzvimba uye zvemukati kubuda ropa. Mazai yabudiswa nomukombiyuta dundira kana ura, uye kamwe mvura, ipai pachena-swimming mazana, izvo chinopinda munzvimbo cochlear tishu. Nokufamba pakuzadzisa pane mamwe mazana kuti kuwira mumvura uye zvirwere vanhu intruding kupinda muropa ganda.

Chiropa fluke chisvetasimba ari bile ducts uye dundira mombe nemakwai. Iye yakaorera chaizvo: unobereka zvinopfuura 40 000 mazai, iyo siya hondo pamwe mutsvina yadzo. Eggs vakasununguka-swimming mazana uye kuwira imwe zvenguva hondo - Freshwater mollusks. Pashure dzakatevedzana nhanho rinowanika caudate duku akatodzana vakuru fluke, kuti anoenda kuburikidza nomuviri pamadziro clam kunze, anokwira hunde ane chirimwa, uye anoramba imomo kusvikira hachizoswederi kudya makwai.

Zvinodiwa munyika tupukanana chaizvo nyore. Naizvozvo, avo locomotor uye zvomudumbu enyika, uyewo vakuru kwakaderedza pfungwa. The pabonde kwava dzakasimukira nani, kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti pane zvimwe mwana musangano muridzi itsva. Naizvozvo, vose nhengo dzokubereka nadzo kuti trematodes kazhinji chaizvo makuru uye vakawanda utachiona masero achiumbwa pavo. Kunyange kana 99% wevana vachafa, vamwe vanogona kurarama, kutsvaka muridzi itsva.

hondo marudzi

The mhuka, iyo parasitize mukuru fluke, inonzi "wokupedzisira" tenzi. Kuti zviite yezwi iri chisvetasimba kubva imwe hondo mumwe chokupedzisira, pane imwe kana kupfuura zvenguva. Schistosoma anoshandisa imwe chete zvenguva hondo. Asi Chinese chiropa fluke (Clonorchis, dzaitaurwa Photo pamusoro) - maviri: dzemugungwa uye hove. The zvenguva hondo muviri chisvetasimba rinopfuura chaiwo larval Danho, panguva iyo anowedzera simba raro nokuda asexual kubereka.

Lifestyle tapeworms

In tapeworms mamwe anoitwa sechivako muviri kuchengetwa. The zvomudumbu Hurongwa asipo, sezvo chisvetasimba, achinyatsotaurira mukati hafu-ozeyewa wehondo kuti ura, anogona chete tibatsirwe zvinhu inoda. By muridzi honye zvakabatanidzwa musoro, vakabata nezvikokovonho uye suckers. Mamwe muviri ingori dzinotevedzana nomumwe zvikamu, kana proglottids, izvo achiumbwa okumusoro zvikamu bhandi takasununguka yakaturikwa muimba intestinal lumen vehondo.

Kunze excretory tubules netambo tsinga, tapeworm zvikamu vari, chaizvoizvo, ndiyo nhengo wokuberekana. Seminiferous tubules mapazi aibuda kupinda ejaculatory mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka, iyo, pamwe nyinyo anovhura pasikarudzi buri. Mazai kubva ovary, vari yaipiwa pamwe goko shwanu secretions uye vitellarium. The mazai akachengetwa mune dumbu.

tapeworm zvokukura budiriro

Nembeu mazai tapeworms vakapakata mondo uye takapoteredzwa unodzivirira mumuhara, kuunganidza ari dumbu nehonye. zvikamu vakura uye vakanyarara pamwe hondo mutsvina yadzo vari yabudiswa. Kufanana flukes, tapeworms vane mumwe kana kupfuura zvenguva wehondo. Somuenzaniso, wakafara tapeworm (Diphyllobothriumlatum), kuitika dzevanhu ura, imbwa nekatsi kusvika kureba kupfuura 9 m, vaviri zvenguva hondo, mune nyama yenguruve tapeworm (Taenia solium) - mumwe.

Ichitanga Kugadzirwa rwakafara tapeworm

Characteristics flatworm mhando paupamhi tapeworm (yaifananidzira pamusoro) sezvinotevera. Rine mbiri zvenguva wehondo - Cyclops uye mumwe vazhinji Freshwater hove muEurope, America uye kuFar East. The mukuru honye anogara dzevanhu ura uye anogona kusvika mamita anoverengeka pakureba. Terminal zvikamu dzinopaza kure uye kubuda pamwe mutsvina yadzo, vakauya mazai mamiriyoni 13. daily. The mvura kubva zai mudumbu madhoo, izvo anodya cyclops. It embryo dukutu wokutanga. Kana Cyclops kudya hove, achiumba dukutu wechipiri, iyo hunosumwa kupinda zvinyama hove. Kana hove ichi yakasviba uye inadequately vakabika kudya vanhu, anosunungurwa. Achishandisa duku nezvikokovonho, kuti dukutu kwakunoitwa kusvikira parusvingo ura romunhu uye nokuda 3 mavhiki ichichinja vakuru muchimiro. The kutenderera inodzokororwa.

Ichitanga pakukura yenguruve tapeworm

Pakupedzisira, wakokwa magazini flatworm mumwe mhuka. Funga kukura kutenderera nyama yenguruve tapeworm. Zai izvozvo, pfungwa kunze mutsvina yadzo munhu pachava mberi chete kana kuwa muna nguruve ura, apo zvomudumbu facial wokuparadza goko mazai uye iye achaita mudumbu, vakapakata nezvikorekedzo matanhatu. Iye kuurura kuti dumbu parusvingo uye kuwira muropa, kuburikidza icho zvikanzwika tsandanyama. Pano iye encysted kuumba sefuro-Finn, uye anoramba panguva mudariro kusvikira utachiona nyama haadyi vanhu. Zvino chisvetasimba upenyu kutenderera zvakare.

Nokudaro, hatina muchidimbu mibvunzo inotifadza Utachiona, vakapiwa dzavo maitiro. Type flatworms Anorwira zvinetso zvevanhu zvakawanda, saka masayendisiti ari kukura itsva nzira kurwisa navo.