Goko The Wenyika - rokumusoro zvakaoma goko Nyika

Rokumusoro zvakaoma goko Nyika inonzi goko uye chikamu lithosphere, iro rinoshandurudzwa kubva muchiGiriki, rinoreva "matombo" kana "bhora zvakaoma". Zvinosanganisira chezvibereko yokumusoro nejasi. Zvose izvi iri zvakananga pamusoro asthenosphere ( "simba bhora") - pamusoro zvikuru viscous kana mapurasitiki layer sokunge runotikurudzira lithosphere.

The womukati maumbirwo Nyika

Redu ane chimiro ane ellipsoid, kana kupfuura zvazviri, ari geoid, chinova-dimensional matatu geometric muviri chinhu namahwindo chimiro. Izvi zvinokosha pfungwa geodesic zvinoreva rakashandurwa se "Pasi-se". Zvinoita sokuti redu anotarira. Nechomukati zviri kurongwa sezvinotevera: - The Earth rinoumbwa akaturikidzana dzakaparadzaniswa miganhu, vane yavo chaiyo zita pachavo (zviri pachena pakati pavo - the Moho discontinuity, kana Moho Anopatsanura goko uye nejasi). Chinoumba, inova pakati nyika, kuti goko (kana jasi) uye nemakwati - yokumusoro zvakaoma goko Nyika - ndivo vanonyanya akaturikidzana, vaviri iyo - chinoumba uye nejasi, akavapindurawo, iri huviri Sub-rukoko - womukati uye dzokunze, kana kumusoro uye pasi. Saka, chinoumba nokure ane nharaunda akaenzana 3.5 zviuru makiromita, rinoumbwa munhu akaoma rwomumwoyo chinoumba (nharaunda 1,3) uye kwokunze zvokunwa. A jasi kana silicate goko rakakamurwa dzapasi uye nemativi ekumusoro, izvo pamwe pamusana 67% of guru redu.

The thinnest paiva panyika

The pamusoro paasingazonyuri Nyika iri hwakanaka mutete yokunze ganda (nyika - 40-80? Km pasi mvura - 10-15). Nezvokuvandudzika chete 1% of guru Pasi. The goko ine mhando mbiri - nokuomesa rinomirira Continental mugungwa - Oceanic. Pane Kuchinja munyika dzine iri kunyanya pamwe nemahombekombe nyanza - chitsuwa-chinhu chakakombama. Nepariri, panonyanyisa chikamu goko inowira pamakomo, kunyanya eHimalaya (75 km), pakati penyanza - ndiro thinnest chikamu (5-7 km). Pakukora ari lithosphere chete panyika uye pamusoro penyanza pauriri vakaenzana azvaitwa 25-200 uye 5-100 makiromita. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti lithosphere haana kuiswawo yose pamusoro rukoko pamusoro jasi, asi chete chikamu chiduku mishoma makumi makiromita, nepo rukoko pacharo kunosvika 500 900.? Km.

Muviri uye makemikari anoumba Earth

The zvakaoma goko Nyika rine mhando nhatu pamatombo - sedimentary (detrital,
nemakemikari, biogenic), igneous kana magmatic (nekurangarira kuti 95% of lithosphere: panyika hunodzorwa girenayiti, nechepasi - basalts) uye metamorphic (achiumbwa paNyika mukobvu). Mukutonga Oceanic mvura mbiru goko ine mbiri akaturikidzana. 99,5% of makemikari anoumba, iro rine goko yokumusoro pasi nesimba muwisira sehydrogen okisijeni, aruminiyamu, nesilicon, simbi, magnesium, calcium yavaibvisa - chete masere periodic table. ruzivo pamusoro mudziyo dzakawanda Pasi ndiro yokungotaura nesayenzi mhinduro. Nokuti zvakananga kudzidza inowanikwa chete rokumusoro zvakaoma goko Nyika, nekuti pamberi chinotevera rukoko munhu ano haagoni miviri kusvika. Naizvozvo, mibvunzo yose chokuita nemamiriro redu, nharo. Zvisinei, pamusoro penyika, kwete zvose rikaratidzwa uye kudzidza. Zvazvinosarira nharo kunyange kwakabva pasi goko. Naizvozvo, ndizvo zvose akakodzera mirayiridzo kudzidza lithosphere. It pfungwa iri rinowanikwa zviwanikwa, uye yokumusoro bandi pasi, saka zvikuru kukosha muupenyu hwevanhu.

Zviri lithosphere

Saka, miganhu yacho lithosphere vangazivikanwa kubudikidza inowanikwa, iyo inonzi mushure Serbian geophysicist Moho, uye zvakatemwa kubudikidza kusiyana zvizivikanwe nemichina velocities. Uye mukati memiganhu izvi zvichiitika hasha, kutyisidzira kwezvakatipoteredza njodzi pezvakaitwa - kuchinja, kusanganisira tectonic, Madhaka uye mudslides, Kuparara. Sami nevhu akasimuka panguva imwe chete upenyu Panyika uye kungoerekana Environmental Impact - mvura, mhepo uye zvipenyu uye zvirimwa. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana (Geological, nenzvimbo uye okunze) ichi dzinonetsa dzinongoitika zvekuvaka ane Ukobvu kubva masendimita 15 kusvika 3 m. Kukosha mamwe marudzi ivhu chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, wokuUkraine pasi dema nokuda vokuGermany panguva basa mabhanzi aivigirwa kuGermany. Achitaura pamusoro goko, hatigoni kutaura pamusoro lithospheric mahwendefa, iri nzvimbo huru yakasimba, zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope pamusoro mvura nguvo akaturikidzana uye kutamira hama nomumwe. Maitiro avo uye "vachirwisa" vakavhundutsira kuti tectonic inochinja anogona kukonzera njodzi panyika.