Lithospheric mahwendefa: dzidziso lithospheric kwamahwendefa

Dzidziso lithospheric ndiro - chimwe chezvinhu zvinofadza munyika nenzvimbo nesayenzi. Pfungwa mobilism (zvimwe - Continental vasakukurwa), kamwe kukanganikwa, zvino akararamazve zvakare, nemhaka kuwanikwa rinobva anomalies namatanda rakatumbuka zviratidzo, izvo zvakafanana, ichibata mid-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri (dzavo matemo), chikuru magnetization, uyewo kuchinja pamusoro nguva rinobva danda chinzvimbo.

Akadzokorora kusimbisa pfungwa yokuti kuwedzera pegungwa uriri achitevedza nematemo mid-Oceanic anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri kuti peripheral nzvimbo kwave kuwanikwa mukufamba kwemakore akawanda tsvakurudzo, pamwe zvichikonzerwa kwakadzika-mvura kuchera. nomupiro zvikuru kuti kutsvakurudza uye kukura pfungwa Continental vasakukurwa (mobilism) akaita seismologists. Kuburikidza dzavo tsvakurudzo, zvaigoneka kujekesa nzira kugoverwa zvizivikanwe nemichina zvikamu pamusoro pepasi. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti nzvimbo idzi zvakadzama, asi zvikuru yakamanikana; vava pedyo chikuru chinhu chakakombama, pamwe mumucheto ose makondinendi uye pakati-yomugungwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri.

Plate tectonics

Izvi pfungwa mobilism inonzi "Plate tectonics". Havasi zvakawanda - dzinokwana sere makuru nehafu gumi duku vaya. The yokupedzisira unonziwo microplates. Kudeuka ndiro raiva mukati Pacific, ndiko mutete, nyore permeable Oceanic goko. Muna Indo-Australian, Antarctic, African, South America, North America uye Eurasian mahwendefa Continental goko. Lithospheric mahwendefa vane miganhu dzakasiyana (micheto) uye zvishoma nezvishoma vayambuka nyika pevhu. Kana lithospheric nemahwendefa diverge, kumicheto vari yakashatiswa mumufambiro: muchiaparadzira, ndiro chimiro vagadzirisane wenharaunda (mutswe), izvo anogamuchira jasi fuma. Pasi penyika, ichioma uye Oceanic goko buildup kunoitika. Zvose zviri zvitsva uye itsva nejasi zvinhu zvokudya munzvimbo vagadzirisane vematunhu, anowedzera uye zvinoita mahwendefa vanotama kupi vachifambira voga, akaumba gungwa, uye nguva dzose miganhu yacho varikukura. Izvi mhando pamiganhu nhasi ikoko achitevedza nematemo mid-Oceanic anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri uye vagadzirisane pazvinhu makatsemuka.

Convergent miganhu vari akaumba apo crustal mahwendefa wekuita. Kana vachiswedera mumwe vaaisangana dzinodengenyeka kuitika pezvakaitwa zvikuru kunzwisisa, pakati zviri zviviri zvinokosha masayendisiti dzinounzwa. Chokutanga izvi ndechokuti kudhumhana pamusoro Continental matete uye Oceanic mumwe wavo kunyura nguvo, uye pamwe nokumedura uye the warp. Mune kudhumhana mapazi womumvuri-kukoshesa kudengenyeka kuitika. Pashure kubatana ndiro kupinda jasi, zvinonzi pamwe yakanyauka: kwayo kupfuura chiedza zvinoriumba mushure kubvunda zvakare simuka pemvura, vachiva kuputika kwemakomo. A denser zvinoriumba zvishoma nezvishoma kunyura jasi, vari vazodzikisa kusvika pokupedzisira miganhu. Saka akaumba Pacific chindori moto.

Apo vaviri Continental mahwendefa ridging kunoitika. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa pamwe icing at, chando floes, uye okuchembera akatarisana mumwe, razdrablivayutsya. Kana crustal mahwendefa dhumhana, ivo compressed, uye makuru nhengo gomo vari kuumbwa panguva kumicheto.

Dzidziso lithospheric kwamahwendefa

Mumakore uye vakawanda zvaanorumbidza, geophysics yakasimbiswa avhareji kumhanya kufamba pamusoro lithospheric kwamahwendefa. Nzvimbo akaumba ari kudhumhana Hindustan uye African mahwendefa pamwe Eurasian ndiro Alpine-eHimalaya bhandi compression yevanhu convergence riri pakati 0,6 masendimita / Yr muna eHimalaya uye Pamir uye 0,5 masendimita / gore muna Gibraltar.

Dzidziso lithospheric mahwendefa vakawana kuti Europe zvinokambaira kubva North America pamwero vanenge 5 masendimita / gore. Asi "maseiri" pamusoro Antarctica kubva kuAustralia panguva anenge 14 masendimita / gore. The chepamusorosoro kumhanya the Oceanic mahwendefa - ivo 4-7 nguva kupfuura Continental aimhanya. Uchitsanya - yePacific mundiro uye slowest - Eurasian.