Homologous nhengo: mienzaniso uye uchapupu kuti kushanduka

Modern zvoutachiona sainzi ane zvakakwana uchapupu kuratidza kuvapo muitiro shanduka nokuchinja zvipenyu. Mumwe wavo - a homologous zvomukati, mienzaniso iyo ichakurukurwa munyaya yedu.

uchapupu shanduka

The Organic Nyika yedu kunoshamisa ayo-siyana. All zvipenyu zvakasiyana kuti chokwadi kunoratidza kubatana dzakavapo kwakaoma. Zvisinei, ichi ane zvakasiyana siyana uchapupu. Pakutanga - ndiye zvakafanana. makemikari anoumba, kureva kuvapo mamorekuru kwemapurotini, lipids, makabhohaidhiretsi uye nucleic acids. Vamiririri Vose poushe zvakasikwa, kunze nemavhairasi, kuva cellular yakarongeka.

Embryo Kugadzirwa vertebrates

Akadana Sayenzi embryology embryo kukura. Research masayendisiti dzakaratidza kuti pokumuka vertebrates vokutanga havana kwakasiyana nepedyo. Notochord, Neural chubhu, ari dakashwa slits pahuro - zvose zvinhu izvi, pane shiri, uye hove, uye vanhu. Nokufamba pakuzadzisa dzakasiyana makirasi zvipenyu achiona metamorphosis.

Morphological uchapupu shanduka

Mumwe mukuru uchapupu shanduka kwacho kuri kufanana nemamiriro dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri. Nyaya iyi inonzi Morphology. Muenzaniso unoshamisa huri pakati munhu makirasi vertebrates ndiyo duckbill. mhuka iyi ndiyo nhamba zvinhu zvenguva pakati zvinokambaira, shiri, mhuka. Nokudaro, platypus ane zvinhu vamiririri makirasi izvi zvose. Somuenzaniso, imwe mhuka reproduces nokuturika mazai. Panguva iyoyowo Anomutsa varo nomukaka, sezvinoita mhuka. Kushambira webbed tsoka, nzira munomimina mvura kuburikidza muromo uye flattened mhino akamuita kutarisa seshiri. Uye pave uturu sezvinoita zvinokambaira zhinji.

Homologous uye zvakafanana miviri

Mimwe mitumbi yemhuka uye zvinomera, pasinei siyana mashandiro, vane zvakafanana mavambo. Somuenzaniso, pizi chirimwa tunonzwa vasiyana rubatsiro, uye mukonde spines kuderedza kwemvura mvura. Asi zvose zviitiko, zvivako izvi mumwe nadzurudzo nemashizha. Fani iyi ane zita - the homology zvomukati.

Asi tsono barberry uye razibheri minzwa vane zvakasiyana mavambo. Muchiitiko chokutanga ndicho lateral mashizha, uye wechipiri - rinobva unhani chirimwa tishu. mitumbi yakadaro inonzi zvakafanana. Broad mapapiro egondo uye kungozvifunga vane zvakasiyana mavambo. Kunyange zvazvo zviri zvikuru zvakaoma kuona pakutanga aitarire, sezvo vose zvivako izvi zvinopa ndege. Asi shiri unogadzurudzirwa forelimbs, avo minhenga. Mapapiro tupukanana ndivo outgrowths ari cover. Chokwadi vari riri pasi muviri uye havabatanidzwi kutiza.

Homologous uye zvakafanana miviri vari zvakananga uchapupu nevakariri kwakabva mhuka dzakasiyana. Uye kusiyana hunhu mamiriro avo nokuda kuchinjira kumamiriro siyana nzvimbo uye mararamiro.

Chii zvinonzi homologous nhengo: mienzaniso

The kupfuura Muenzaniso kuti homology vari pamberi vertebrate richiripo. Whale uye Dolphin flippers, shiri mapapiro uye chiremwaremwa, maoko evanhu, tsoka uye norwaivhi garwe kuita zvakasiyana mabasa. Asi mamiriro avo rakafanana. Zvose izvi chordate vertebrate forelimbs, iyo ine zvikamu zvitatu: fudzi, honokono uye ruoko.

By homologous zviremera dziri kunatsiridza nhungirwa zvinomera siyana. Vane Misiyano iri kwokunze marongerwo uye mabasa. Lily rhizome akaita elongated internodes, mbatatisi tuber rinoungana mvura pamwe zvinovaka muviri, uye basal bwendefa hanyanisi ndiyo hwaro kugadzira nhengo dzine nyama mashizha. Zvisinei, homologous zvomukati, mienzaniso dzatakurukura anowanzoramba yokupukunyuka mamiriro. Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose! Funga zvinonzi homologous zvomukati, uyewo chinogona kuva muenzaniso okunatsiridza midzi. Underground chirimwa nhengo kunogonawo yekudyidzana dzakachinjwa mu kukura mamiriro siyana. Saka, rutabagas uye makarotsi chikuru mudzi richikora, kugoverwa muviri. zvirimwa zvakadai rokutanga gore rega kubereka mbeu. Mumatsutso zvavo zvemuchadenga nhengo kufa, asi tichiregeredza pachivande mudzi chirimwa chinoenda kuburikidza nechando mwaka. nadzurudzo kwakadaro mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti chii chinoumba homologous nhengo. Mienzaniso aya - ichi ndiko mhepo, kufema uye vakabatirira nemidzi.

Zvokuvamba uye atavism

Morphological uchapupu yemhindumupindu zvakare vestigial nhengo. Ndivo zvikamu nemhuka zviri underdeveloped. Muvanhu, ndiyo fungiro wechitatu, mutsara meno wechipiri, uyewo tsandanyama kuti kufambisa pinna.

Signs, pakatarisana zvokuvamba, ane throwback. Zviri kuratidzwa unhu madzitateguru, hakusi zvakananga nevanhu ane kupiwa marudzi. Somuenzaniso, kuvandudzwa coccygeal nomuzongoza multimammate, chinopfuurira bvudzi kukura muvanhu. Kana tikafunga mhuka, ivo atavism ndiyo kukura hadzi yayo mune hove huru nenyoka.

Saka, homologous zvomukati, mienzaniso zvakanga munyaya ino, pamwe ringanidzo, zvokuvamba uye atavism vari morphological uchapupu nedanho shanduka. Zviratidzo izvi zvichiitika mune zvose mhuka uye zvinomera. Homologous nhengo inonzi zvivako kuti vane nevakawanda urongwa mamiriro, asi akasiyana mune mabasa anoitwa. Kuvapo munhu dzakanyorwa unhu kunoratidza kwayakatangira nemhuka zvichikonzerwa shanduka chinja.