Chii urovha mwero? How kuona padanho kwemabasa munyika?

Kwemakore anoverengeka mumutsetse, vamwe vaongorori uye nyanzvi kwoupfumi kufanotaura Pazvinotanga zvoupfumi kudzikira muRussia. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvakawanda zvinetso vanhuwo mugari, chikuru iyo - the kwemabasa mwero munyika. Kudzidza uku nyaya sangano akadai Rostrud - yeUnited basa, mhanyai neShumiro Labor uye Social Security.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko urovha mwero haagoni sechinhu mhedziso mwero nhamo yacho. Zvose zvinoenderana sei Masvomhu dzinoitwa. Chokwadi chokuti haana Mapato vose vanhu vanogona nechivimbo anonzi nokuwanda asingashandi. Nei izvi zvichiitika sei kuona padanho kwemabasa munyika uye? Ngatitarisei zvizere.

Pfungwa uye tsanangudzo

Shoko rokuti "kwemabasa" rinoreva mamiriro ezvinhu apo kushingaira zvoupfumi mashoko vokuparidzira kukwanisa kuwana akaripa basa uye nokudaro anova mhando mutoro zviyereso Vamwe vanogara ehurumende. Kunorondedzerwa International Labor Organization, ari asingashandi - munhu anoda kushanda uye ane utano wokuti, asi haina kuwana imwe kubasa.

Kuti zvakanaka kuverenga zviratidzo zvose, tinofanira kutanga vagovane yose vakawanda kupinda 2 mapoka:

1. wezvemariwo vakaneta (EN) - avo vagari vasingakwanisi pakunzi vechibharo nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• Zvikoro yakazara vadzidzi;
• basa, sezvamakaropafadzwa mudyandigere makomborero chawo basa hachibatsiri;
• vanhu mubasa mhuri, kutarisira vanorwara, vana, uye saka asingakwanisi kushanda;
• vanhu mwoyo basa rako kutsvaka uye kurega kuedza;
• havadi kushanda kana havana chikonzero zvakadaro.

2. wezvemariwo kushingaira (TEKSTO) - akagwinya yevagari munyika, nechekare vane basa kana vari kushingaira kutsvaka kwake. Chikamu ichi zvakare mberi rakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri:

• vakabatikana (B) - vagari (pasinei nezera) vari basa uye kuti mari basa ravo, uyewo vaya vanoshanda zvakanaka Somuenzaniso, basa mhuri, uye muripo haana kugamuchira;
• vasingashandi (B) - chikamu anobatwa zera vemo, usina makirasi, uhwo anogamuchira mari; kune inopiwa basa akagadzirira kutanga basa pakarepo; ari uchitsvaga (anotumira basa, anoenda basa centre kana shamwari, kupinda basa nhumbi, etc ...); anofambisa nokudzidziswa (kudzidzisazve) ne basa mabasa.

Vakawanda tinogona kutaura kuti kwemabasa mwero kunotsanangurwa so nhamba muchikwata chechipiri takurukura uwandu TEKSTO (zvemari kushingaira population). Asi tichataura pamusoro gare gare.

Zvinhu kukanganisa padanho urovha

Vasati kuona padanho kwemabasa munyika, ndiko kutaura chii kunokanganisa indekisi ichi. On urovha kunokanganisa guru zvinoverengeka munyika, pakati zvinova zvishoma zvinokosha:

• kukura kana kuderera hwenyika;
• Demographics;
• basa negoho;
• chido chavagari kuchinja basa kana kuchinja mabasa;
• inokosha munzanga zvikonzero: kushayikwa dzidzo, pamuviri, doro kana kushandisa zvinodhaka vajairira, etc.
• nerubatsiro uye kudiwa imwe mhando basa.

More akadzama taongorora izvi, pane mhando dzakasiyana siyana kwemabasa.

Chii?

Ani naani anoda kuziva sei kuona padanho kwemabasa munyika, vanofanira kuziva kuti chiitiko ichi vangava zvakasiyana waivako zvichienderana ayo mhando. Urovha angava:

• Kwokuzvidira. Izvi mhando Rinobatanidzwa ne chokwadi kuti vamwe vanhu havadi kushanda pasi zvimwe zvinhu, somuenzaniso vanenge apo shoma mubayiro. Uyewo, pane pfungwa iri nemari sezvo "kwemabasa musungo". Izvi zvinoitika apo, nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana mwero munhu mari anoramba kushanda kuchinja, pasinei inoshanda kana kwete. Somuenzaniso, apo uwandu kubatsira inobhadharwa neHurumende, ndiye anenge akaenzana kuitwa muhoro. Pakadaro, ari vakurukurirane basa nevanhu haako.
• Kudzosera. Dzinoratidzwa kuti munhu ane chido kuwana basa uye vachida kurwa, chete kuwana basa. Izvi zvinoitika kana mubayiro zvechokwadi kunopfuura izvo zvinobatsira kuti zvakanyatsoenzana kuti rive uye kudiwa. Izvi zvinotungamirira nokuti vaitaura vari kutanga pfuura kudiwa.

Involuntary urovha unogona kukamurwa 3 mhando:

• muitiro kunoitika apo Mechanisation (kushandisa michina) kugadzirwa kunotungamirira kune pachisara revashandi kana vasina zvinodiwa;
• pamwaka cho mamwe maindasitiri apo kugadzirwa ndiyo nguva nenguva;
• It kunoratidzwa idzokororo cyclical kuderera mukurima mune imwe nharaunda kana munyika yose.

More pamusoro nemaonero

Zvimwe pfungwa zvinogona kupatsanurwa mhando dzakawanda:

• Zvechechi kunoitika kana kupindira wezvokutengeserana mibatanidzwa kana hurumende mukumisa muhoro for kutyora mitemo musika upfumi.
• Structural kunoitika kubvisa zvisingachashandi upfumi uye panowanikwa ounyanzvi hwokugadzira matsva anoda chaiwo zvinodiwa.
• The kukweshera chokuita chokuzvidira kuchinja mabasa, goho (kubva) kubva (c) maternity ngavabude, kuchinja dzokugara, uye zvichingodaro; kazhinji kwenguva pfupi hunhu.

Unogonawo govera mumwe 2 mhando kwemabasa; vakanyorwa nezvakavanzika. First varehwa nhamba yacho vasingashandi vakawanda, pamutemo vakagamuchirwa nokuda basa kushumira uwandu akagwinya vemo. Wechipiri rinotsanangura nhamba yevanhu vakanga vasina kunyoresa kana basa chete pamutemo, asi chaizvoizvo akatuma pazororo achizvibhadharira zvaanoda nokuda yakaderera kugadzirwa mavhoriyamu.

The urovha mwero munyika, iri nzira yokuti pakuverenga

Mumwe nemumwe kwemarudzi idzi ine nzira yayo pamusoro kukarukureta, asi tichataura pamusoro mamwemazwi musimboti. The yemaitiro nokuti Pakusarudza padanho kwemabasa chinoratidzwa sezvo nhamba uwandu havashande nokuwanda zvemari kushingaira kwevanhu. Zvinoita seizvi:

K = (B * 100%) / TEKSTO,

apo TEKSTO = H + B (B - basa kwevanhu; B - rovha).

Heano mazano kuona padanho kwemabasa munyika. Statistics zviri kunyorwa kunobva Masvomhu izvi.

zvoupfumi nemigumisiro

Uyo anofarira kuti uone sei padanho kwemabasa munyika, vanofanira kuva ziva kuti chiitiko ichi rinobatanidza munhu zvakakwana chakakomba migumisiro yakaipa. Kubva zvoupfumi nemaonero, kuwedzera kwemabasa kunotungamirira kuwedzera Goszanyatosti Fund havashandisi mari nokuda kwokuripirwa kwemabasa zvakanakira kuti vakanyorwa vagari. Kuwedzera nhamba havashande zvinowanisa Nokurasikirwa Payroll uye mari nemitero, riri zvikuru zvakasikwa: hapana basa, hapana mari, uye nokudaro mutero kubhadhara hapana.

Chimwe kwoupfumi mugumisiro kwemabasa kuri kuderera iri rokutenga simba venyika. Nezvokumutswa kurasikirwa nemabasa echigarire, vanhu vanomanikidzwa kuderedza zvavo mari kushoma.

evanhu chikonzero

Pakati nezvinetso zvamagariro anganzi mberi kudzikisirana munzanga. Murume akarasikirwa nebasa, anorasikirwa haangogoni mari. Anorasikirwa unyanzvi, nechivimbo, kazhinji mwoyo, zvichiita kuti zviome amutsvakisisa. Kunyanya ngozi wakadaro kutanga pakati pevechiduku, apo kushaya ruzivo uye kurovedza nyanzvi yekudyidzana akazoita mukana basa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, muduku chizvarwa mugove angafarira kutsvaga mashandiro unobuda vasiri basa, mhosva.

Zvakaitika zvemari dzakabudirira chinoratidza kuti kumusika asingakwanisi kukunda dambudziko oga. Kuchava zvirokwazvo zvinoda hurumende kupindira, ake rubatsiro uye rubatsiro.

nhamba

Maererano nezvoupfumi, dambudziko iri kushaya basa wechigarire, zvakawanda kana zvishoma dzomunharaunda. Mumaguta makuru, hazvina anenge asina akanzwa, apo mumataundi maduku uye svikiro kadikidiki, sokunge ari arikunze ose, mubvunzo ndewokuti zvikuru chakasimba. zviratidzi ava inokanganisa pamusoro kwemabasa mwero munyika.

Nhamba vanoti yakadereresa mwero kwemabasa chavagari nezvokuvandudzika 1990 uye 5.2%. Anofungidzirwa, simba murayiro upfumi Soviet Union chiri pamwe akagadzirisa dambudziko iri. Asi kufadza kukosha nhamba yakasvika muna 1998 (13.2%).

In kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti matambudziko paruzhinji policies unobatsira zviratidzo izvi, uye kubudikidza 2007 kwemabasa mwero munyika (Statistics inosimbisa izvi) wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika 6,1%. Mune ramangwana, zviratidzo izvi fluctuated pa +/- 1.5-2% kusvika 5.3% pakazopera 2014.

The for Russia nokuda 2014-2015

Uye zvakadini nanhasi? Sei ane mwero kwemabasa munyika? MuRussia, maererano nenyanzvi, pane achangobva vachiwana kukura chiitiko ichi. Izvi imhaka vasanyanye ari rates zvemaBhaibheri kugadzirwa uye, sezvo zvakaguma rutapudzo pemudonzvo. Uye kana nemifananidzo 5.5%, iri projected kune nezvoupfumi, pakazopera 2015 yebasa kwemabasa mwero vachamuka nokukurumidza uye kusvika 6.4% zvakanyorwa muna January gore rino.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti richiona nezvezvabuda IMF nezvoupfumi zvinonyatsobatana anenge chose pamwe zvinofungwa unyanzvi Russian. Zvikonzero zvakadaro zvinomboitika basa pamusika zvechokwadi dambudziko iri Eurozone, uyewo, chokwadi, zvematongerwo zvinoriumba. Economic zvirango pamusoro Russia iri pachena inokanganisa vamwe sectors hwenyika, uyewo dzinga akawandisa makambani. Inonyaradza ndechokuti, maererano nokufungidzira of IMF, kubudikidza 2016 mamiriro ezvinhu acho akagadzikana zvishoma uye Urovha mwero achadonha nokuda sezvinongoitawo hafu muzana.