Chii muronga: tsanangudzo. Kuti kudzidza muronga?

Mumwe munhu anoona nokufamba kwenguva. Nyeredzi nemapuraneti kufamba zvakasikwa, wachi monotone achazunza mutinhimira yake, mumwe nomumwe wedu anofamba zvishoma nezvishoma pasi mukoridho nguva. Kunzwisisa kwatinoita pazviri payo, vanhu tega yakawanda nzira, uye nhamba enyika, izvo kukubatsira kuti kuronga uye kuwana. sayenzi Various, zvakadai masvomhu, wefizikisi, kemisitiri uye nhoroondo yaakaramba makaita pasina wakadaro sainzi chaiyo, sezvo muronga. Zvichida ndingakwanisa kutaura kudaro, uye kakawanda vamwe minda kudzidza umo masayendisiti waenda. Saka, chii chiri muronga uye nei izvozvo akasvika? Tsanangudzo shoko iri rinogona kuwanikwa pazasi. Uyezve, nokuverenga nyaya ino, uchaona pakuziva kuti kudzidza kwenguva, uye kunzwisisa, chii nguva nani kukarukureta chivimbo, vakapiwa ichangoburwa zvinowanikwa nesayenzi.

Chii muronga? tsananguro

Chronology (chaizvoizvo "sayenzi nguva") - mutsetse uyu tsvakurudzo, iro Inonzi maitikiro munhau. Kuti vanodzidza Muronga emakore sechinhu nesayenzi? Anotsanangura kuti nguva kunoyerwa. Pane pfungwa "kwemasvomhu (muchadenga) muBhaibheri." Nguva ino achinyanya kutaura changing nzvimbo kwemiviri yokudenga. Astronomical Muronga nyika kudzidza nguva dzose rine zviitiko zvinoshamisa mumatenga, anoronga uye anoronga navo. Zvisinei, kazhinji pasi muronga achireva kutevedzana yezviitiko zvinokosha. The chikuru chinhu riri kudzidza muronga - nguva ino. Zvisinei, chii ichocho?

Chii nguva?

Sezvatakamboreva kwokutanga, nguva vanotozvikuvadza inobata vanhu vose, asi tinogona munhu kunyatsonzwisisa chii? Hazviratidziki. Sezvo magumo nzvimbo zvakasikwa, zvakaoma kunzwisisa pfungwa. Kana nguva kuenzanisa kurwizi, ipapo kupi iye atange? Apo izvi kunoita kuti iyerere? chinhu chimwe Tinozviziva: iye tichiedza mberi. Zvakaoma kunzwisisa, asi zvinokwanisika kuyera uye kuronga zviitiko Mukufamba kwenguva. Chronology kudzidza zvivako izvi. The chekubuda nguva ungafananidzwa motokari motokari mune imwe-nzira dziriko. mabhazi nemarori makarindira dzingasiyana, asi pane chinhu kuti haagoni kukanganiswa, - pakutevedzera kufamba. Past uye ramangwana tinongogara Ugare pfungwa vanhu, asi chete chiri simba redu - ndiyo ikozvino. Zvisinei, kana isina kushandiswa, zvino midzi kare, uye hatigoni kuita chinhu ...

Chii kare uye ramangwana?

Kuti tinzwisise chii muronga (tsanangudzo zvatakandorwira wakapiwa pamusoro), zvinokosha kunzwisisa zvinhu zvekare uye ramangwana. Kare - ndiwo chinhu kuti haagoni kukanganiswa, zvinoita nhoroondo. Sezvo mvura vakapedzwa pasi unopinza matombo akaputsa pasi, hazvibviri kudzoka, uye nguva Haigoni kudzoswa uye akaita kuti iyerere mune mirayiridzo imwe chete. Past - chadzainyanya, izvo rinoongorora sainzi dzedu. It rinotema mune zvimwe zviitiko kuti, kana mucherechedzo, havazombochinji chimiro chayo. Ramangwana yakasiyana chaizvo kubva kare. It haatsvaki kwatiri, uye rinobhururukira kwatiri, uye nguva ezvinhu haisi kuwanikwa muronga kusvikira kusvikira chinova chipo.

Sezvo akayera uye nguva

Historical nguva hazvibviri pasina bhuku pfungwa kuti abatsire kuyera nguva. Mazuva ano, vakawanda chairema nokuyerwa nguva zvikamu ndiwo wachi. Asi iwe unofanira kubvuma kuti pane hombe zviratidzo nguva refu dzatangwa nevaya akaisa kutanga zvose. Nyika yedu dzimwe nguva inotenderera akabatana ayo uye kumativi nyeredzi Gadziriro yedu - zuva. Around nerimwe mapuraneti, satellites dzavo dzitendererane wedu - Moon. zvinhu zvose izvi zvokudenga vari kutamira zvinoshamisa zvakarurama. The chete zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro maatomu vamwe zvinhu. Zvakaratidza kuti zvose zvakasikwa - ndiwo wachi hombe, umo mabhiriyoni enyeredzi pamwe mabhiriyoni enyeredzi, ayo akafanana yakakura rachulis, kuyera chikamu nguva. vanhu vasati akazogadzira sayenzi nguva, boka guru nyeredzi nhamba nemapuraneti asingaoneki chakayerwa kunze kwayo kosi.

Chii muronga yakarurama?

Scoring nguva uye systematizing apfuura zviitiko, vanhu vanoita yakawanda zvikanganiso. Hatigoni kuenda shure uye bvunzurudza avo vaigara zviuru kana mazana emakore apfuura, saka kuti zvakanaka ndezvipi, zvakakodzera kuitisa yakawanda yokutsvakurudza uye matongo Zvakafukunurwa. Nemhaka yesayenzi nzira, unogona kudzidza zvakawanda, asi pane kazhinji nokukakavara pakati dzekare uye mumatongo pamusoro kutevedzana umo maiva zvimwe zviitiko uye kupi zvavo vanofanira kutanga kuverengwa. Funga mbiri huru maonero zvakapararira munzvimbo kwesayenzi panyaya iyi.

Nemakore: shanduka

Masayendisiti vanoomerera dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka inoratidza kuti upenyu panyika yave iripo kwenguva anopfuura makore mabhiriyoni 4,5 uye munhu ari munyika, mazana ezviuru kana kuti kunyange mamiriyoni amakore. Pasi pasi, iyo chinoratidza pasi remasayendisiti kuti shanduka - chinhu sainzi, kwete dzidziso.

• Prokaryotes (mabhiriyoni 4 apfuura).
• Zvipenyu aigona pave photosynthesis (mabhiriyoni 3 years ago).
• Eukaryotes (mabhiriyoni 2 years ago).
• Zvipuka zvine masero akawanda upenyu siyana (mabhiriyoni 1 apfuura).
• Arthropods (Makore mamiriyoni 570 apfuura).
• hove rokutanga (approx. makore mamiriyoni 490 apfuura).
• The mbesa yokutanga (makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 470 apfuura).
• The Zvipembenene yokutanga (anopfuura mamiriyoni 400 apfuura).
• Amphibians (makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 350 apfuura).
• Zvinokambaira (makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 300 apfuura).
• Mhuka (makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 200 apfuura).
• Zvinobhururuka (makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 150 apfuura).
• Kutsakatika pano dinosaurs (makore mamiriyoni 65 apfuura).
• Human Complete Evolution (vanopfuura zviuru 200. Makore akapfuura).
• Kufa wokupedzisira Neanderthal (vanopfuura zviuru 25. Makore apfuura). The zita rakabva mumupata, iri Germany, umo vakawana zvakasara vanonzi chimupanze. dzidziso zvose izvi kashoma kuzivikanwa nemasayendisiti nokuda kushaya zvaioneka zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo, uye nyanzvi Fred Hoyle akati kuti hapana uchapupu hwokuti Neanderthal kukura pamwero raiva pazasi nesu.

Kutsunga zera dambudziko radioactive munhu akaidza

Zvisinei, muronga upenyu haisi kuzivikanwa nemasayendisiti nekuda chokwadi kuti kushandiswa kuora radioactive chinhu chikanganiso chikuru zhinji. Dambudziko nderokuti pakukurumidza kare akaumba radioactive kabhoni yakanga yakasiyana. Tichishandisa nzira iyi, kuziva chii nguva chokuita penyaya kuwanikwa nevanochera, chete kusvika zviviri kana zviuru zvitatu zvemakore BC. e. Mhedziso kuti zvinobva kuferefeta repasi akaturikidzana ivhu, kwete kuti kuvimbwa.

New Chronology (zvebhaibheri nguva)

Munguva ichangopfuura, mumwe mujenya remasayendisiti vanobvuma maonero kuti vanhu zviuru zvishomanana makore chete. Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Fate Nyika akati kuti nhanhatu chete kana zviuru zvinomwe apfuura, paiva nebudiriro kuti yakatanga pamusoro nguva mumunhu. Asi British mutsvakurudzi Malkom Maggeridzh akati, unonakidza kuti kuenzaniswa maonero shanduka zvakanyorwa Genesis (bhuku rokutanga reBhaibheri) zvikuru kunzwisisa. Akabva awedzera kuti bhuku rekare inotiudza chaiyo munhoroondo uye zviitiko chaizvo zvakaitika. Maererano naye, kutsvaka imwe dzidziso yakadaro, kwete kunobva chokwadi, nokuda zvatinosiita kusangwarira vanhu uye achawedzera kushamisa runotevera. Chinyorwa inoratidza kuti marudzi ose haana kuzviratidza kwenguva refu, uye pakarepo, munguva pfupi. Uyezve, zvinyorwa zvose munhoroondo, akaita nevanhu, musi kudzokera okupedzisira zviuru zvishomanana makore. Nemamwe mashoko, hapana gwaro rakanyorwa akawanikwa, dombo zvinyorwa, kana chinhu chipi zvacho kuti zvaizoratidza kuti vanhu vaigara panyika mamiriyoni emakore. Sezvineiwo, Biblical Archaeology zvakazara ndeyechokwadi mhedziso yesayenzi.

Chikonzero kuitisa muronga

Chii chinoita Muronga nguva, iyo inofungidzirwa maererano pamusoro zvakawanikwa? In nyasha chokwadi kuti nhoroondo vanhu chete zviuru zvishomanana makore uye kuti zviitiko yemubhaibheri vanoita kuitika, zvinogona kukonzera yakawanda uchapupu. Somuenzaniso, unogona enzanisa muronga rumwe nesayenzi, rinova midzi kare - pamwe zvemutauro. The masayendisiti vari kuongorora nhoroondo mitauro, vanoti kuti zvose mitauro yekare vaiva zvikuru kunzwisisa maumbirwo kupfuura kuitika, uye kwete vakutarisire. Izvi rinoramba dzidziso yacho nemaape, iyo inonzi kugona kuisa mazwi maviri pamwe chete, uye zvishoma nezvishoma akadzidza kutaura. Sei aigona kuitika saka huru rezvedzidzo waruka?

inokosha musi

Muronga zviitiko inobva chinokosha wechikoro mazuva. Ndezvipi zvinokosha munhoroondo mazuva? Ndicho pokutangira, karenda zviitiko, yakarurama uye kuvimbika hakuzi mubvunzo. Kana isu nhaka mashoko akadaro, ipapo nyore kuisa nguva zvimwe zviitiko tinoverenga pamahwendefa evhu, ostracon kana mipumburu dzemubhaibheri. Funga muenzaniso zuva kwakadaro. Tora kuparadzwa kweBhabhironi, vaMedhiya nevaPezhiya vachitungamirirwa naKoreshi. Kushandisa enhoroondo Nabonidus, vanyori venhau vakawana kuti chiitiko ichi chakaitika musi October 11 539 BC. e. Kana, kana iwe kuverenga karenda yaGregory, October 5 gore iroro. Kushandisa Magwaro muMagwaro pamusoro chiitiko ichi, unogona enzanisa nyore zvenhau yokunyika uye vanyatsoona uko kwave zvimwe zviitiko zvinokosha vanotaurwa Yekare. Saka zviri nyore kuona musi mukutanga Mafashamo Makuru, kana pakuonekwa vokutanga. Pasi riri Muronga vanhu maererano neBhaibheri.

Muronga Magwaro pfungwa

• 4026 BC. e. - kusikwa vanhu vokutanga.
• 3096 BC. e. - rufu Adam.
• 2970 BC. e. - kuberekwa Noah.
• 2370 BC. e. - Mafashamo.
• 2269 BC. e. - pakuvaka paShongwe yeBhabheri.
• 2018 BC. e. - kuberekwa Abraham.
• 1600 BC. e. - Ijipiti kuri kuwedzera uye rine yose simba.
• 1513 BC. e. - the goho kwevaIsraeri muIjipiti.
• 1107 BC. e. - kuberekwa David.
• 1037 BC. e. - kutanga ushe kwaSoromoni.
• 632 BC. e. - kupambwa guru reAsiriya Ninivhi.
• 607 BC. e. - nokukunda danidziro eBhabhironi mambo Nebhukadhinezari Israeri uye kuparadzwa kweJerusarema.
• 539 BC. e. - kubatwa weBhabhironi vaMedhia navaPeresia.
• 2 BC. e. - kuberekwa kwaJesu Kristu.
• '29 BC. e. - kutanga ushumiri hwaJesu Kristu (yakatora makore 3.5).
• '33 BC. e. - rufu rwaKristu.
• '41 BC. e. - wekutanga akanyorwa muEvhangeri yaMateu.
• '98 BC. e. - paakapedza kunyora Bhaibheri.
• 1914 n. e. - pakutanga First World War, shanduko pakarenda hurongwa.

Vakawanda munhau vanotsigirwa munhoroondo yemazuva ano. vanochera matongo Vakawanda vanoshandisa Bhaibheri sokunoratidza wakanaka kupikidura. Uyezve, sezvo isu kare, mumwe tichienzanisa chinokosha misi zvinobatsira kuziva kururama neimwe. The kudzidza nyaya rinojekesa kuti muronga yakadaro. Kuziva chii zvakarurama nguva nhema pamwe mutsvakurudzi - munhu inodzidza nhoroondo.

Kushandisa mavanga - BC kana BC. e.

Zvichienderana pachikwata, iyo yave pamusoro apa, tinogona kusvika imwe mhedziso kuziva. Kana Iisus Hristos akaberekwa mugore 2 BC. e., kushandiswa abbreviations, uhwo kazhinji zvakashandiswa kare, akadai sokuti "AD" uye "BC" zvakaipa. Uyewo, Kristu aisagona kuberekwa mugore 0, nekuti zvakadaro hariko. Kamwe kupera 1 BC. e., pakarepo akatanga 1 gore, n. e. Chokwadi chokuti chidimbu kuti "pamberi Kristu" hazvirevi dzinoenderana varipo musi kuberekwa kwaJesu, mumwe zvikonzero nei hakuchisina kushandiswa. Zvinogonekawo, kuderedza mitsara kuti "BC" uye "AD" akaonekwa neyebhizimisi uye zvedzidzo.

Basa Julian uye Gregorian makarenda munhau

Vanhu vava pakarenda kuti zvivanakire kuverenga nguva. Pahwaro chii vanhu kukwira ukanyora izvi? At moyo makarenda kazhinji avete zvakasikwa dzakadai kwebasa mapuraneti uye mwaka. Zvakaratidza kuti hatina chete waitaura zvaifanira kuitwa nokufamba kwenguva, izvo kare vakaverenga hunhu. Enzanisa makarenda maviri yakaitwa vanhu - ndiwo karenda Julian hwakagadzwa Yuliem Tsezarem, uye Gregorian. Yokutanga wakatangwa muna 46 BC. e. Akanga nezvezvaiitwawo Sun chikatsiviwa hwemwedzi karenda. Maererano naye, makore matatu akanga mazuva 365, uye ose wechina - 366. Calendar akava kubudirira uye rakashandiswa kwemazana emakore akawanda. New Chronology kweRussia, Europe uye America, ndiye akakodzera. Seiko zvino aifanira kurega? Nokufamba kwenguva, zvakava pachena kuti ichi vaverengwa hurongwa akanga asina kukwana. Maererano nekarenda yaJulius, gore kwayo nguva munenge 11 maminitsi wakanyanya kwezuva. The karenda Julian haasisina vachinzwisisa se "nguva itsva": Russia yakanyatsokodzera, asi kune XVI remakore vaunganidza vakawanda mamwe mazuva gumi, izvo aifanira kuita chinhu. In dzoka, mukarenda Julian naPapa Gregory XIII akatanga karenda yaGregory. Maererano notation mutsva uyu, nhoroondo rikashamiswa kwemazuva gumi pachine. Uyezve pundits vakasarudza kuti achikwakuka makore inokurukurwa iwayo makore ekare, nhamba vamazana kuti haisi divisible nenhamba mana.

Chronology sayenzi: sei zvinokanganisawo isu?

Saka, munyaya ino tinogona kuona kuti nguva iyi. Definition uye chinhu kudzidza sayenzi inokurukurwa pakutanga kwenyaya ino. Tinovimba kuti vaverengi vedu vachanzwisisa nani kukosha aibuda nguva uye nzira iyo iri kuyerwa. Pahwaro shoma uchapupu, takakwanisa kuona kuti muronga zvaipiwa dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka, asingadi kusangana ano zvinowanikwa nesayenzi. Kufungisisa mashoko masayendisiti, vakawanda zvino kuziva kuti kuvapo kwedu pasi pano haisi nguva yakareba, sepakutanga akafunga. Uyezve, bepa redu rinobatsira kuronda nhoroondo kukura nhoroondo sechinhu sainzi, kunyanya paumbwe uye dikidiki kuverengwa nguva, vanhu Kuda kuramba kuvandudzika, "aibuda nguva." Uyewo, vaiona chokwadi tibvume kuti bhuku dzakadai Bhaibheri rakavimbika uye zvakasikwa nguva counter - nyeredzi - neyakarurama kupfuura yakaitwa nevanhu. Ko nguva sechinhu sainzi hazviratidzi kuti pane munhu akaronga zvose kubva pakutanga kuitira kuti takakwanisa kutora nguva? Hatibvumi kuyemura mudziyo pachayo uye Kusanzwisisika nguva? Zvechokwadi, nhoroondo dzenguva - dzinonakidza nesayenzi, kudzidza izvo kwete chete anowedzera horizons edu, asi anobvumira kuti kutarira seri kweketeni kare.