Gostiny Dvor muRussia. Exhibition muna Gostiny Dvor

Gostiny Dvor Russia, uyewo zvose nemugwagwa, vane nhoroondo kunoshamisa nezvekutanga. Tanga muchimiro ita mutengano aiva "chinyararire zvokutengeserana", rwaiumbwa pakuti vechikamu kuti kutengeserana haana kutarisana mumwe. "Bhizimisi Silent" Ndiwo vanhu vazhinji, kupfuura zvose, nokuti zvose, asi hapana uchapupu hwekare zvayo chaikoiko pamusoro munharaunda Russia. Kutaurwa wezvokutengeserana ukama Russia rokutanga vari 8-9 emakore.

Wokutanga Russia nehoro

Pane imwe nguva huru yezvitoro centre raiva Kiev, riri panoperera yacho gang. Ivo vakaita gurusvusvu pano zvinhu zvose kubvunzwa vatengesi zvose, kusanganisira vokune dzimwe nyika ndivo. Area, apo zvaiva nzvimbo pawaitengesa, akava musimboti. Pano vakatsvaka vagari veguta, kwete chete nokuda zvinhu, asi kudzidza nhau, chinjanai maonero, tarisa zvesimba dzashanya buffoons. Market Square akazviratidza Papera Gostiny Dvor, izvo, chokwadi, ndizvo kwakavakirwa kuchengetera nenhumbi kutanga. Mune ramangwana, havana nguva dzose aripo parutivi - mumwe kutenga Arcade uye Gostiny Dvor.

Prerequisites nokuti kwaita Gostiny Dvor

In Novgorod, iyo yaakatorera aitungamirira chinzvimbo dzokutengesa uye zvoupfumi pakati mushure chakasakara Kiev, kunotenga nzvimbo sevanhu specialized dzino kwakadaro Vetoshny, hove kana chokunyengera. Muzana XII remakore pakati, achipa kutengeserana zvose - mari, nhungamiro, uyere uye uremu, ndiye Moscow. Gostiny Dvor haasati kuvapo, mu chikamu basa ravo rinoitwa mukereke, varipo mberi pachivara - muimba yepasi zvavo zvakachengetwa pamusuo, ivo rairema. MuMoscow, kuti nguva yava zvakawanda zvitoro, asi ivo vari muzvinhu zvose muduku nehoro nyika dzokuEurope. Yavo duku Saizi ndiyo akarondedzera mabasa uye mitero zvakananga. Zvikuru chisimba kutengeswa muMoscow muna XIV-XV emakore akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze pedyo Moscow River zambuko. Ndima ane nzvimbo yakakura - pano vaiva rezasi, pakati, okumusoro pemitsara uye yakawanda chaizvo duku duku muzvitoro.

Ancestor Gostiny Dvor

Moscow akapisa kakawanda, uye pashure moto 1493 vakadzingwa kubva Kremlin, vatengesi uye kuvapa nharaunda yemberi Red Square. Pano pana Ilyinsky sacrum (pamharadzano dzenzira ari kunotenga mumigwagwa hazvo chaiitirwa kunyanya kushingaira) pakutanga pamusoro XVI remakore uye yakatanga kuvakwa muna Russia emapuranga Gostiny Dvor. Moscow aiva muvambi chivakwa muhotera. Mukuwedzera kurarama mairi kure vatengesi akasvika munharaunda pachivanze ane yokuchengetera kuchengetera zvinhu uye zvitoro nokuda Wholesale - chitoro munzvimbo Matare ezvokutengeserana haina kuitwa haana. Pakutanga, Gostiny Dvor racho magadzirirwo pachavo. Vaifanira akasimuka pamwe kuwedzera kutengeserana nedzimwe nharaunda uye nyika. Saka, mundima dare pakarepo vakavaka netsika. Mamita kazhinji chakavakwa, kufungisisa National zviri vatengesi.

vatorwa kuvapo

Saka, muna guru zvitoro yeRussia (Moscow, Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Tula) kare aripo Dutch uye German zvokutengeserana mamita, Armenian uye Jewish, "anglitsky" uye nechiGiriki. Zvakanga zvakadaro rudzi rakavakirirwa nzvimbo - nzvimbo yakanga takapoteredzwa simba noruzhowa, nharire vaiva hazvo nokuti nhumbi dzakanga dzakawanda, vaifanira kudzivirirwa. Muchivanze dzine vakavhura hurongwa mari nemitero, izvo, chokwadi, yaiitisa kuvandudzika dzavo uye kuwedzera.

Independent STRUCTURAL chikwata

Kuenda nhumbi vanhu vakavaka dzimba - mutengesi mudzimba, muripo nokuda pekugara waiva kusiyaniswa nzira - polavochnaya uye izbnaya. kunotenga idzi dzakavakwa pamusoro ichocho: raifanira akaisa zvose zvakafanira kuita Wholesale vagotengeseranamo huru mijenya. Pakati, Chokwadi, akagadzirisa nzvimbo pamwe pamutemo masangano, rinomiririra simba guta, iro riri tsika. It wo akaisa uye "zvinokosha" - nhandare pamwe masimbi. Coaching imba, bathhouse, bhawa, tavern (madikanwa zvivako nokuti muviri uye mweya), bhiza matura dzakavakwa pedyo fenzi. Vazhinji ndima chepamusoro chivanze matura - dzokuchengetera kuchengeta zvinhu.

The specificity pamusoro mapurani

Vakanga akafukidzwa rimwe maberere dzokuchengetera, uye vakanga vavaka kunyanya munzvimbo yacho mukomberedzo, nechinopiwa Arcade kana, zvimwe kashoma, asi muvharanda (Kostroma pachivanze). Kakawanda, namaberere, zvitoro vanobatanidza uye matura dzakavakwa pamapuriro maviri. Paiva kuvakwa mitemo. Somuenzaniso, imwe bhenji saizi rinosvika makubhiti maviri pakureba, tinongonzwa nayo polulavka yakanga kaviri zvishoma. Imomo, zvave Zvisinei, wakabva hwakagadzwa encombrements - uyu nokuda specificity dzimwe zvokuyamura. Midziyo mu dzokuchengetera chinangwa chacho rakaramba nhasi - yaiva bhokisi uye "Tote guru" kana "nosiltsy". Items dzakadai majombo, akaramba kubhawa uye matanhatu. Dzimwe nguva imwe imba yokuchengetera zvinhu aivawo vatengesi shoma, uye dzimwe nguva netsitsi nechivanze rose zvigaro. Moscow, Novgorod uye Tula anoziva mienzaniso yakadaro.

Mabasa sezvo hwaro kwohumwe kuwedzera

Wipers havafaniri yakachena chete uye tsime - Ivo akamurairawo nokuda matura kushanda (dura), yose kwakavakirwa (izbnye) uye polavochnye mitero. Paiva nezvimwe siyana mabasa - aigona kutora ngoni mamwe mari kana kuti kutengeserana navo Sled kana mungarava kubhadhara "kutendeukira pokuunganidzira." Pakatanga Matare ezvokutengeserana vatengesi zvose vaisungirwa mavari, Chokwadi, kana akanga asina dzavo chitoro nzvimbo muguta. Humwe Implementation vezvinhu vakatora nzvimbo, kana isina yakatengwa zvakawanda nokuda unozotevera chokufambisa, kumashopu, kwaakanga akanunurwa dzokuchengetera pakati Gostiny Dvor.

kusiyaniswa kusvika

Special aivapo nokuti vatorwa wokutengesera mitemo. Saka, muna XV remakore ari vatengesi Novgorod German dzakabvumirwa chete kaviri pagore, pamusoro nguva yakajeka kununura nhumbi. Kunyange zvino, machinda vakamira vakarinda pamusoro zvido vaburitsi yemo. In nzvimbo dzaishandiswa matare vatorwa, uyewo nevamiririri venyika, vakavhura mitemo yayo, uye Muchinda Novgorod vasina kodzero kupindira. Asi (anofungidzirwa) kuziva vatengesi vemo uye vakanga zvimwe vanoziva zvigadzirwa, zvikurukuru okunatsiridza dzavo itsva, izvi aifanira kuva kufarira Gostiny Dvor. Exhibition kana mimwe mienzaniso aizofanira kuripo pamusoro kunharaunda yayo, kwakavakirwa izvo zvaizotora nzvimbo vachitevera kutengeserana.

Chimwe chedzidziso maindasitiri

Trade muMiddle Ages - icho indasitiri chikuru kuti atarisire uye nedzenyu, uye zvetsika uye mumishinari mabasa. Gostiny Dvor Republic of kuGenoa, izvo, pfungwa, kwave yose zvokutengeserana pachikuva vatengesi Dutch German, nyaya emifananidzo vazhinji vemifananidzo uye mabhuku mabasa. Our chevaux Saltan chete akatarira mugungwa nezvikepe zvavatengesi, kudzidza "Hoo Eh mhiri kwemakungwa Il akaipa, uye chii munyika chishamiso." For mitsetse izvi, unogona kutonga kukosha vatengesi (vanobvuma mambo) uye basa zvarwo. Sezvo isingakanganwiki iyoyo kusvikira nhasi pamusoro nharaunda nyika yedu akachengetedzwa zvokutengeserana vekare nzvimbo iyi mhando. Havasi chete nhoroondo mapurani pazvivako, asi kunakisa guta. Zvinosanganisira "yeshoko kare" Munguva ichangopfuura, imwe fashoni. Uye sei nyika, anoyevedza uye kukunda zvisamumirira zita hombe ano kunotenga uye varaidzo kunzwisisa "Gostiny Dvor"! Tula - guta iro pane muzinda yakadaro.

Interconnection emakore

sangano iri riri kunozivikanwa, chido uye nyaya dzinovaka kunogona kunzwika kazhinji. Munyika pane chivakwa tiguu pamusoro rokupedzisira mashoma apfuura. Zvino akavaka yakawanda yepakutanga, non-mureza zvivakwa zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Asi ano chivanze zvigaro mu Tula akakwanisa kumira achipikisa izvi kumashure. Sezvaiitwa kare, kunotenga nzvimbo kwave ainyanya upenyu guta, nzvimbo kwavaigona kusangana zvavo tsika uye ezuva nezuva zvinodiwa, waitsvaka vose vomuguta, uye nhasi vakuru veguta vakakwanisa kuvaka muzinda anogona kutifadza tulchan, kuvamanikidza kusiya masvingo edzimba dzavo uye kushanyira vamwe chikonzero, "Gostiny Dvor". Tula kwemakore maviri ari guru vakapemberera kuvhurika mukuru kunotenga uye varaidzo yakaoma, iyo, chokwadi, iri guta rine wayo marongerwo. Kuwedzera muzvitoro 150, 6-screen mabhaisikopo, vakawanda cafes uye maresitorendi, gyms, kugwinya nzvimbo, runako Salons pane akapa kwakavakirwa yokunyoresa vanoroorana vaine mufambiro nomuchato tevera. Zvose zvinodiwa murume ano, anogona kupa Tula "Gostiny Dvor". Ausstellungen yaiitirwa zvose nzvimbo dzakadaro vakaronga wakanaka kuratidza horo.

Chinonyanya inozvikudza nyika mhenyu chivanze

Chokwadi, kunyange kutonga nezita, sezvarinokodzera mashoko chaiwo "Big Gostiny Dvor", shongwe nhoroondo Russian uye mavakirwo XVIII remakore, pasi UNESCO dziviriro. Pamuviri kunyange pasi Elizabeth, yakanga yakavakwa Rastrelli chirevo 1758 pamusoro "rambu" pamusoro Nevsky Prospekt uye Sadovaya Street. Dzokuchengetera uye zvitoro, yakavakwa vatengesi, aifanira kuvapa zvakafanana nekusingaperi kodzero enhaka kupfuudzwa, nekuti mari kuvakwa akanga aronga chinozoiswa tichiregeredza vatengesi, asi pakutanga basa, zvose kunonoka, uye pakupedzisira racho pacharo akarambwa.

Construction akanga kuitwa Jean-Baptiste Vallin the Mothe. It kubvira 1761 kusvika 1785. Kubvira pakutanga kwayo, hombe zvigaro chivanze vakatanga kuridza chinokosha mukuita upenyu St. Petersburg. Kwaari, ave yaikosha Northern chivako guru, yokutanga yakaitwa gasi okuvimba. Makore ose ayo kuvapo zvakanzi kakawanda akadzorerwa, uye kuti kugadzira uye kudzorerwa kubudikidza yakanakisisa vemifananidzo, restorers uye ezvivako sezvo Tsarist uye Soviet Russia. Mumakore 1886-1887 wacho, NL Benoît rakadzorerwa Gostiny Dvor.

Petersburg kunyanya kudada ichi chivako kumahombekombe. Mumazuva kukombwa ake kurindwa pamwe nezvimwe zvivako Northern guru dzechitendero. Mumakore 1945-1948 Gostiny Dvor akazodzorerwa kuzivikanwa somunhu mapurani Monument. Pashure overhaul, kuitwa makore 1955-1967, 167 munhu zvitoro zvaiitika ake dzisingaperi nharaunda, vakabatana nechepakati dhipatimendi guta rinonzi "Gostiny Dvor". Nokuti kugadzira vose chivako vakanga yakashongedzwa - the achiwanza yakashongedzwa huru suo, akabva awedzera itsva yakasvibiswa-magirazi mahwindo namatsime. Kubva muna 1994, dhipatimendi chitoro akava pamwe wemari kambani, uye chivako ikozvino ndorwevaya Bazi Culture.

Petersburgers kwazvo kwazvo uye vanodada zvavo "dhomitari." Ndima yayo iri mazuva ano wakaiswa kwete chete siyana kutenga dzezvitoro, iro zuva nezuva ashanyirwa kusvika 300 000 vatengi pasi pose, asi vo musha mukuru mufashoni, uye zvivako yakanaka kuratidzwa Exhibits siyana. Exhibition muna Gostiny Dvor nhasi unorira chinhu serinokosha - zvakanaka, apo hakuna?