Hune kusvika nokuyerwa ruzivo: zvose unofanira kuziva

Asati achipfuura nokuyerwa mashoko, ngatiregei suma tsanangudzo uye tichaita kunzwisisa, zvatiri kubata.

tsananguro

Information - ruzivo ichi, mashoko, mashoko ose ayo siyana, zvimiro, zvisinei kwavo kugutsikana. Kunyange musoro zvakakwana, akanyorwa kapepa anogona kunzi sezvo mashoko. Zvisinei, tsanangudzo iyi Russian mutemo batana.

Zvinotevera tsika zvinogona kure dzomunyika zvinodiwa:

• kuziva zvinhu, chokwadi, pfungwa, tsika, pfungwa vaipanana pakati vanhu mune iyoyo;
• kuziva chokwadi, zviitiko, tsika, zvinhu, pfungwa iri chaiyo akapoteredza rine zvarinoreva.

Data - ari nemiviri chimiro mharidzo, kunyange mune mamwe magwaro, pfungwa mbiri idzi dzinogona kushandiswa uchitsanangura.

chipimo Nzira

Pfungwa ruzivo richinzi zvakasiyana. Zvinonzi akayera nenzira dzakasiyana. Zvinotevera huru nzira nokuyerwa mashoko:

1. Alphabetization.
2. Probabilistic kusvika.
3. Hune kusvika nokuyerwa ruzivo.

Vose anoenderana tsanangudzo dzakasiyana uye ane zvakasiyana-siyana vanyori vane maonero akasiyana pamusoro mashoko. Probabilistic kusvika rakavambwa AN Kolmogorov uye haana kufunga nhau date kuchinjirwa, kureva kuti anoyera uwandu naye pasinei zvinokosha kuti kutumira nokugamuchira nyaya yake. Hune kusvika nokuyerwa mashoko akasikwa Shannon, anofungawo yakawanda variables uye rudzi tinyatsonzwisisa kukosha mashoko aya hondo. Asi ngatitarise zvose kuitira.

probabilistic kusvika

Sezvambotaurwa, kune nzira nokuyerwa uwandu ruzivo rwakasiyana chaizvo. Izvi zvakanga yakataurwa Shannon muna 1948. It iri chokwadi kuti uwandu mashoko kunoenderana nenhamba zviitiko vavo mukana. Change uwandu mashoko akawana mu nzira iyi inogona kuva mutoo, umo I - ndiye nhamba inodiwa, N - uwandu zviitiko uye peji _Ini - ndiwo mukana mumwe chiitiko.

arufabheti

Chose kuzvidzora ine nzira kuti pakuverenga uwandu mashoko. It haatori kuti zvakanyorwa mune shoko, uye asingaunganidzi kusonganira nokuwanda akanyorwa kugutsikana. Kuverenga huwandu mashoko tinofanira kuziva simba arufabheti uye uwandu orugwaro. Kutaura zvazviri, simba haringorevi arufabheti. Zvisinei, makombiyuta vari kushandisa zvakakwana simba arufabheti pamusoro 256 vanotaurwa. Saka tinogona nhamba mashoko anotakura nayo chiratidzo akadhindwa rugwaro pakombiyuta. Nekuti 256 = 2 ^8, mumwe chiratidzo ndiyo 8 nhonga mashoko.

Ikakuruma 1 - ndiyo shoma, nhamba indivisible mashoko. Maererano Shannon, ndicho uwandu umboo kuti akazoita nechokwadi ruzivo kaviri.

8 matomu = 1 byte.

1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte.

1 kilobyte = 1024 Mb.

pfungwa

Sezvaunogona kuona, kuti nzira nokuyerwa mashoko akasiyana chaizvo. Pane imwe nzira kuyera ayo uwandu. Kunoitawo kuti vaongorore kwete uwandu asiwo unhu. Hune kusvika nokuyerwa mashoko achibvumira kufungawo inoshanda ari mashoko. Uyewo, izvi zvinoreva kuti uwandu umboo akapinda shoko, pakutsvaga chitsama ruzivo itsva achawana vanhu.

Kana runoratidzwa kwemasvomhu Masvomhu, uwandu mashoko akaenzana 1bitu vanofanira kuderedza nechokwadi ruzivo kwevanhu muna 2 nguva. Saka, tinoshandisa mutoo kuti huwandu mashoko:

X = nerogi ₂ N, sezvamakaropafadzwa X - kuwanda data, uye N - kuwanda zvakafanana fungidzira zvaitika. Somuenzaniso, kupedza dambanemazwi.

Ngatitii tine-unocheka matatu Pyramid mativi mana. Kana iwe kurikanda kumusoro pane mukana kuti ruchakoromoka rimwe kumativi mana. Saka, N = 4 (nhamba equiprobable zvaitika). Sezvaunoziva, mukana kuti chinhu yedu dzichawa parimwe zviso, uye saizvozvo uchava zvishoma pane kana iwe pafiripi mari uye vanotarisira kuti kumuka mucheto.

Decision. X = nerogi ₂ N = danda _{2 April} = 2.

Sezvaunogona kuona, mugumisiro 2. Asi chii chinonzi mufananidzo uyu? Sezvambotaurwa, shoma indivisible chairema yakayerwa - wedzeredzei. Somugumisiro, mushure mokuparara tine 2 nhonga mashoko.

Nzira nemashoko kuyerwa rinoshandiswa kuti kadambari logarithms. unogona kushandisa karukureta kana rinokosha tafura logarithms kurerutsa kushandiswa izvi.

tsika

Apo unogona kubatsira zivo yawana munyaya ino, kunyanya mashoko pamusoro zvahunoreva yokusvika nokuyerwa mashoko? Pasina mubvunzo, bvunzo pakombiyuta. Kukurukura nyaya inoita kuti zvive nyore kufamba mune zvemichina kombiyuta, kunyanya ukuru womukati uye kwokunze ndangariro. Kutaura zvazviri, ruzivo urwu dzinoshanda ukoshi vasina, asi kuti sayenzi. No mushandirwi haamanikidzi iwe kuverenga huwandu mashoko akadhindwa ari gwaro, kana kunyora chirongwa. Ndechokuti mapurogiramu, apo unofanira kutaridzwa uwandu ndangariro dzinounzwa kuna shanduka.