IQin Dynasty: madzimambo okutanga eUnited China

IChinese Qin Dynasty yakaramba iri musimba kwemakore gumi nehafu chete. Zvisinei, ndiye iye, uye wekutanga kune mutongi wekutanga wezita iri, Qin Shihuandi, uyo akafanirwa kuenda pasi munhoroondo sekubatanidza humwe ushe hweChinese husina humwe hune humwe humwe humwe humwe humwe humwe hwakagadzirisa hutungamiri hweChina nehupfumi uye hutungamiri-hwematongerwe enyika kwemazana emakore akawanda ari kuuya.

Mamiriro ehumambo hweChina chekare

Muzana remakore rechishanu kana rechitatu BC, ushe hwekare muChina hwakaramba huchirwisana kune hukuru. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu aya, ramangwana rinogona kuongororwa chete nekubatanidza masangano akaparadzana kuenda mune imwe nyika ine simba inokwanisa kuchengetedza miganhu yavo kubva kune vavengi vasiri kunze nekubata varanda uye nyika idzva munzvimbo dzakapoteredza. Pamusana pekurwisana kwakasimba kwevakuru veChinese, sangano rakadaro rinogona kungoitwa chete nechisimba pasi pekunze kwevakasimba pane avo, izvo zvakaguma zvaitika.

Nguva yenguva kubva pa25 kusvika ku222. BC yakapinda munhoroondo yeChina seyo nguva yeZhangguo - "kurwisana (kana kurwisa) hurumende." Simba guru rei idzi raiva hutungamiri hweQin (nharaunda yemazuva ano eSinxi province). Mutongi wake, Yin Zheng, akakwira kuchigaro choumambo pazera remakore gumi nemaviri, asi akakurumidza kwazvo kuratidza kuva mutongi akasimba uye ane utsinye. Pamberi pehuwandu hwake, nyika yeQin yakatongwa naLu Bu-wei, mutengesi ane simba uye mutengesi. Zvisinei, mberi kwekuti mutongi Qin atendeuke makumi maviri nemumwe, akabva atora simba mumaoko ake, achishushikana achipokana naLiu Bu-wei, uyo akaedza kumuparadza.

Somugumisiro wemakore ekurwisana, muna 221 BC Ying Zheng akabudirira mukukunda zvose "kurwisana ushe" mumwe nemumwe: Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan naQi. Pamusoro pesimba guru, Ying Zheng akatora zita idzva rake nevana vake - "huandi", izvo zvaireva "mambo."

Qin Shihuandi - mutongi wekutanga weChina

IQin Empire yakatambanudza nzvimbo yakawanda-kubva kuSichuan uye Guangdong kuenda kuSouth Manchuria. Sezvo akakwira kuchigaro choumambo pasi pezita raQin Shihuandi, "mambo wekutanga weQin Dynasty", Yin Zheng, wekutanga wezvose zvakaparadzwa kuzvimiririra hurumende munyika dzisiri pasi pake. Hurumende yakakamurwa kuva makumi matatu nematanhatu nzvimbo, imwe neimwe yaivewo nzvimbo yehondo. Pamusoro kwedunhu rimwe nerimwe, Emperori weChina akaisa vatariri vaviri - vehurumende uye vehondo.

Simba rearistocracy rakanyanyiswa zvishoma. Zvekare mazita ekuremekedza mazita akaparadzana - iye zvino chikwata chekudzwa chaive chiyero cheupfumi uye chakakodzera pamberi pehurumende. Vakuru vehurumende vakaoma mamiriro ehurumende mumunda vakanga vava pasi pekutungamirirwa kwehutungamiri hukuru, izvi zvakabatanidzwa nekuiswa kwechigaro chevatariri kuti vaongorore mabasa avo.

Qin Shihuandi akaita humwe humwe humwe hugadziriro, hwakabva hwava mukurumbira weQin Dynasty: hwakabatanidza mari yehurumende, yakatanga hutano hwehutano, hukuru uye hurefu munyika yose, yakanyora nheyo dzemitemo, yakasimbisa hubatanidza hutano hwe nyika yose yekunyora system.

Mukuwedzera, ivo vakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo kodzero yekusunungura bhizimusi renyika, izvo zvaisanganisira kushandiswa kusati kwamboitika kwevakakurumbira kusvikira nhasi pamwe chete nekuparadza kukuru kwevanhu vemunzvimbo dzisina ruzivo. Kuwedzera kwakanyanya mumitero yebhadharo uye yebasa, pamwe nemitemo mitsva yakanyanyogadzirisa iyo inopa kusungirirwa kwebasa, yakatungamirira kushandiswa kwakapararira kwekutengeswa kwevaranda. Vashandi vatsva - vashandi vakapfuma, vashandi vakura nevatengesi - vakatsigira zvakasimba kugadziriswa kwakaitwa nehurumende yeQin, asi avo vekare vaitonga mahedheni vakanga vasina kunyatsogutsikana navo. Confucians, vachiratidza mafungiro ezvokupedzisira, vakatanga kushora pachena pachena mabasa ehurumende uye vanofanotaura kufa kwava pedyo kweumambo. Somugumisiro, pamitemo yeQin Shihuandi, vaConfucian vaitambudzwa zvakasimba.

Kuvaka Miitiro muQin Empire

Munguva yekutonga kweQin Shihuandi, kugadzirwa kwemazana makuru ekugadzirisa nzvimbo yekudiridza nemigwagwa yakafukidza nyika yose yakaitwa. Muna 214-213 BC, kuvakwa kweganda guru rakagadziriswa - Guru Guru reChina - rakanga ratanga kuchengetedza kumativi ekuchamhembe eumambo kubva kumashure.

Mukuwedzera, muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rapfuura, vanochera matongo vakawana guva guru reQin Shihuandi. Muchikumbiro chikuru chakasvibiswa ne "tereta" yose-zviuru zvitanhatu zvakaurayiwa muhuwandu hwemazana evarwi uye mauto ehondo, "kuchengetedza" rugare rusingaperi rwamambo.

Chitendero muHin Empire

Nguva iyo imba yeQin yakanga iri musimba muChina yaiva nguva yekutonga kwakakwana kwechitendero. Zvose zvikamu zvevanhu vaitenda mukurongeka kwezvisikwa zvenyika. Maererano nemaonero akasimuka kwenguva refu mberi kweMambo weQin, kuvapo kwepasi kwakagadzwa nekubatana kwemashoko maviri e-cosmic - Yin uye Yang. Muukama hwepedyo neiyo maiva nemafungiro ezvishanu zvenyika. Mambo uyu akaziviswa kuti ndewezvisikwa zvake zvekudenga. Zvaifungidzirwa kuti akanga ari pasi pezvinyorwa zvezvinhu zvose, uye Zuva rake "rakaenzana" raiva Sun.

Qin Shihuandi iye pachake akanga akaparidzirwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwechitendero, izvo zvakaenzana nekutenda uye kutenda mashura. Anowanzoshandisa kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana, uroyi, akapedza nguva yakawanda nekuedza kutsvaga "chimiro chekusafa", kunyange akashongedzerwa nekuda kwechikepe chikuru kuenda kuzvitsuwa zveJapan.

Dzinza raKin: rawa

Muna 210 BC, paaiva mune imwe yerwendo rwekuongorora nyika, Emperor Qin Shihuandi akafa pakarepo (vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofungidzira kuti panguva iyoyo aiva nemakore makumi mashanu nerimwe chete). Mwanakomana wake, Er Shihuandi, akakwira kuchigaro choumambo, achiedza kupfuurira mutemo wababa vake. Zvisinei, akakwanisa kubatisisa kune simba kwemakore maviri chete. Kusagutsikana kwetsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzevanhu nenzira iyo madzimambo ehurumende yeQin akatonga kukura kuva hondo yehurumende. Yakatangwa nekumanikidzwa kwevanhu vaitungamirirwa na Chen Sheng (209-208 BC). Varidzi vemihlaba vakakura, pamwe chete nevana vekare, vakwegura vekare, vakapandukira hurumende yepamusoro, uyewo vachirwisana nevarwi vezviganduki.

Muna 207 BC Shihuandi akaurawa. Mumwewo Zhao Gao, ane chiremera chakanaka uye hama yechimambo, uyo akatungamirira kurangana naye, akaisa mwanakomana wake-Zi Yin pachigaro chehurumende. Zvisinei, mutongi mutsva akanga asingadi kuti arambe ari pachigaro. Pasina mwedzi, Zi Ying nababa vake vakaurayiwa nevakuru vasina kufara. Vakanga vari varume vekupedzisira vakange vaine ukama naQin Shihuandi. Nokudaro, Qin Dynasty muChina yakawa, isina kupera kwemakumi makumi maviri.

Nhoroondo yekare ye Qin Dynasty

Zvisikwa munharaunda yeChina yenyika imwechete yakasimba yakagadzwa yakaita basa rinokosha mukufambira mberi kwekuitika kwenyika. Sangano rezvematongerwe enyika renyika, kubvumirana kwekodzero yehupfumi hwehupfumi, kugoverwa kwevanhu maererano nehupfumi hwehupfumi uye kubata kwezviitiko zvinotsigira kukura kwebhizimisi zvose zvakabatanidzwa mukusimudzirana kwehukama hwehupfumi nehupfumi munyika, zvakateya nheyo dzekuvandudza humwe hutsika.

Zvisinei, zviyero zvakashata zvakanyanya, izvo Qin Dynasty yakatora kuisa hurumende hurumende, kuparadzwa kwevakuru vekare, mutoro wemitero, kuwedzera kwematoro nemabasa, zvakaparadza vaduku nevashambadziri, zvichiita kuti kuve nekuputika kwakasimba kwekumanikidzika kunopedzisa kuguma kwekutonga kwayo.