"Jacques-simpleton" yakanga isiri nyore, kana Chii chinonzi Jacquerie

Chii chinonzi Jacquerie? Ichi ndicho chimwe chezviito zvakanyanya zvevagari vemunyika munhoroondo yepasi. Mukati penguva pfupi yekumuka pasi pemabhanhire ayo yaiva anenge vanhu zviuru zana. Kusanganisira varimi ivo pachavo, varombo vemaguta uye vashandi, vasingatarisiri mune ramangwana uye mugumo weMamare.

Prehistory. Nhoroondo Yenhamo

Kuti upindure mubvunzo uyu, chii chinonzi Jacqueria, unofanirwa kudzokera kumashure makore 700 apfuura uye unonzwisisa kuti mamiriro acho ezvinhu chii munyika. Pakutanga kwemazana emakumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mashanu , Europe yakange iri mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kugadzikana. Hondo dzairamba dzichienderera mberi, dzakapararira, denda racho rakatsamwa. Iko simba reumambo rakanga richiri rakanyanya simba kuti rikunde madzishe makuru evanhu. Nokudaro, korona yakatsigirwa nemafungiro evaridzi venyika.

Muna 1348, mhirizhonga itsva yehosha yakatanga, iyo, maererano nezvakasiyana-siyana, yakatakurwa kubva pa1 kusvika kune ½ vanhu veFrance. Nhamba yemaoko yakaderera, saka kukosha kwebasa kwawedzera, asi chisarudzo chakaitwa kurambidza kuwedzera kwemari, iyo yakasiyawo chiratidzo pamamiriro ezvinhu emukati. Ndicho chikonzero nyika yakadzidza kuti Jacquerie chii.

Mukuwedzera, pakanga pane hondo yeropa neEngland, uye pakati pezana remakore rechigumi nechina France yakakundwa. Hondo yePoitiers, yakabatwa muna 1356, yakanga iri nguva yekutanga yekupandukira. VaFrench vakakundwa, uye mambo wavo akabatwa uye akamanikidzwa kusayina nyika isingabatsiri, apo inenge hafu yenharaunda yeFrance yakanga ichishanda muchiShona. Ndicho chikonzero nyika yakadzidza kuti Jacquerie chii.

Zvikonzero zveJacquerie kupandukira

Kukundwa paPoitiers uye zviitiko zvakamutevera, dambudziko revanhuwo zvavo, kurwisana kwechigaro cheFrance ... Izvi ndizvo zvinokonzera kukwira kwaJacquerius.

Mushure mokukundwa kuPoitiers, General General akabatanidzwa kugadzirisa matambudziko ezvematongerwe enyika uye kunze kwekutyisidzira. Mumiririri wehurumende akasarudza kutumira mitero mitsva, iyo yakaisa mutoro unorema pamapfudzi evarimi uye vanhu vomumaguta. Musoro wake wakamira Etienne Marcel. Mukuwedzera, "mutsara" wake "wakaisa" Dauphin - mugari wenhaka pachigaro cheCharles. Munhu wose aida kuwana simba mumaoko avo. Iyo Jenerali Nyika yaida kubvisa simba ramambo, Dauphine, pane zvinopesana, semunhu mugari wenhaka chaiye, aida kuichengetedza. Hondo ye internecine yakatanga.

Kuti tinzwisise kuti Jacquerie chii, zvakakosha kuziva nzvimbo yevagari venyika muhupenyu hwehurumende. Pamusoro pekutsanangurwa kwaive kuitika kwehuwandu hwevanhu semugumisiro wehosha uye kuwedzera kwekukosha kwebasa nekuda kwekuderedza kwevashandi. Kubva panguva iyo vanhu vekurima vanotanga kuona kukosha kwayo muhurumende yehurumende uye vachiratidza pachena. Asi pakati pevanhu vane simba uye nhepfumi dzakapfuma mushure mevagari vehurumende, zita rezita rokuti "Jacques-simpleton" rakagadziriswa. Varimi vaibatwa nekunyeka uye mamwe marudzi ehukuru. Zvichiitika, iyi yaiva zita rekunyadzisa rakanyadzisa iro rakapa zita rokuti - Jacquerie kumutsa.

Nzira yekumuka

Kuvhiringidzika kwakatanga nezvokuti varimi vekuBovezi, mune imwe yehondo neDauphin mauto, vakauraya makwande akawanda vachida kumanikidza kushanda kusimbisa nzira dzeguta racho. Mugumisiro weizvi waiva kutsamwa kwekugara nhaka pachigaro cheushe, akabudiswa kune vose varimi. Nharaunda yakafukidzwa nekumuka kwacho yakazova iyo yose yekumusoro kweFrance. Mutungamiri akakurumbira wekuungana kwevanhu vazhinji aive Guillaume Calle, uyo aive nedzidzo dzehondo, asi iye pachake aiva murwi. Mukutungamirirwa kwake kwakatanga Jacquerie inotyisa muna 1358. Munguva pfupi pfupi pasi pemubhanhire wake wakapfuura makumi ezviuru zvevanhu. Munhu mumwechete anowedzera chinyorwa chinonzi chiuru chevanhu vane zviuru zana, izvo zvinoratidza kuwanda kwechikwata. Kuvhunduka kwakatyisidzira simba ramambo mumunhu waDauphin uye General States.

E.Marsel akatopinda mubvumirano naKalim, asi, kana wechipiri akaziva kuti iyo sangano raizoguma, angadai asina kuenda. Etienne, kunze kwechibvumirano naCalais, vakarangana naKar the Evil (chaizvoizvo, pamwe nemuvengi, uyo aiva mutongi wechiFrench). Carl, Evil akadana Guillaume kuti ataurirane, uye iyo yekupedzisira, pasina kutora kuti ave nechokwadi chekutora mauto, akatungamirirwa nekutsigirwa naMarcel, akaenda oga kuti apedze chibvumirano naKarl. Sezvo zvingatarisirwa, Kalya akabatwa, akatambudzwa kwenguva yakareba, uye pakupedzisira akaurayiwa. Iko kushamwaridzana kunze kwemugadziri kwakanyanyisa kurara uye mwedzi mishoma gare gare yakafa zvachose. Zvinokonzera Jacqueria zvakanga zvakajeka kumaguta akawanda nematunhu eEurope panguva iyoyo, asi yaiva muFrance kuti kumuka kwaiva nehuwandu hwakawanda uye nemigumisiro.

Migumisiro uye nhoroondo yezvakaitika kare

Jacquerie yakapwanyiwa nechisimba. Vadzidzi vacho havana kunonoka kuita: kwose kwose munzvimbo dzakashanda dzekumuka, kuurayiwa kwakaitika, madhimoni aDauphinian akaita chisimba pamusoro pevanhu, kuurayiwa kwakapedza vhiki dzinoverengeka. Asi panguva imwe chete, hazvirevi kuti hurumende yakapfuura isingaoneki. Simba mushure mokunge Jacqueria rakatanga kuverenga nemafungiro evarimi vemasango uye varombo vemaguta. Mushure mokuderedzwa, ruzhinji rwekuvandudzwa kwakatanga - hupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, hutano uye huri kuchinja hunoita hondo. Somugumisiro, France yakatanga kuwana kukunda kwakanyanya pamusoro pevavengi veBritish uye Charles V vakakwanisa kusunungura nzvimbo yose kubva kune avo vanoparadza.

Nokudaro, Jacqueria yakapa simba rakasimba kumapurogiramu ose enyika yeFrance.