Nhoroondo yeGIG: zuva rekutanga, maitiro ehurumende

IIslamist magandanga boka Igil nenyanzvi dzakawanda inonzi inonyanya kutyisidzira nyika ikozvino. Iyi sangano yakabuda senhengo yakasiyana yeAl-Qaeda, asi yakazova yakasununguka zvakakwana. Iye zvino ndiyo sangano guru remagandanga munyika. Nhoroondo yeGIG ichava nyaya yekudzidza kwedu.

Prehistory of the IGIL

Kutanga ngatitsvake kuti chii chinotangira IGIL, chii chisikwa chekuumbwa kwayo. Nokuda kweizvi tichafanira kutarisa mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe emakore ekupedzisira.

Pakutanga kweboka, iro rakazoshandurwa kuva IGIL, rakamira Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Akazvarwa muna 1966, achiri muduku, akarwisana neuto reSoviet muAngland. Mushure mokudzokera kuJorodhani, akanga ari kuita mabasa akatungamirirwa nehurumende yakanga iripo munyika iyo, iyo yaakatasirwa makore manomwe kubva mujeri kubva muna 1992.

Muna 1999, pakarepo mushure mekunge asunungurwa, az-Zakravi akagadzira musangano weIslami Salafi, wakatora zita rokuti "Monotheism uye Jihad." Chinangwa chepakutanga cheboka iri chaiva kuparadzwa kweumambo hweumambo muJoridhani, iyo, maererano naAz-Zakravi, yakaita mutemo unorwisana neIslam. Yaiva sangano iri rakavaka nheyo apo "nyika" yeGIG yakaumbwa munguva yemberi.

Mushure mokutanga kwebasa reAmerica muIraq muna 2001, vamiririri vesangano "Monotheism neJihad" vakatanga basa rinoita munharaunda yenyika. Zvinotendwa kuti az-Zarqawi akava panguva ino mumwe wevanoronga uye rimwe boka guru "Ansar al-Islam." Yakashanda zvikuru muIraq Kurdistan uye muSunni nzvimbo dzeIraq. Mutungamiri akakodzera ndiFaraj Akhmad Nazhmuddin, ari mujeri reNorway uye anotungamirira kubva pane basa re Ansar al-Islam. Kubva muna 2003 kusvika muna 2008, boka racho rakagamuchira zita rokuti "Jamaat Ansar as-Sunna", asi rakadzokera kune zita raimbova. Mushure mokupindira kwemauto akabatana muIraq muna 2003, vazhinji vevarwi varo vakabatana neboka re "Monotheism ne Jihad." Parizvino, Ansar al-Islam ndeimwe yevanyori vakuru veGIL.

Union neAl Qaeda

Zvakanga zviri shure kwekuparadzwa kwemukuru weIraq Saddam Hussein muna 2003 kuti sangano "Monotheism neJihad" rakanyatsosimbiswa munyika ino. Akaronga ruzhinji rwekurwiswa kwemagandanga akakwirira, chikwata chevanhu pamwe nekuurayiwa kwevanhu pamwe ne cutoff yemisoro. Gare gare, tsika iyi yeropa, iyo yaive nechinangwa chokutyisidzirwa, yakagamuchirwa nenhaka ye sangano "Monotheism uye Jihad" -kubatanidzwa kweGIL. "Monotheism neJihad" vakava guru rehurumende rinopesana nehurumende muIraq, avo vaine chinangwa chokuputsa hurumende yepakati penyika, kuparadza vatsigiri veShiism nekuumbwa kwenyika yeIslam.

Muna 2004, al-Zarqawi akapikira kuvimbika kune mutungamiri wesangano guru guru reIslamic extremist, Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden. Kubva panguva iyo, boka re "Monotheism neJihad" rave richizivikanwa se "Al Qaeda muIraq." Nhoroondo yeGIG yakabva yatora mutsva.

Nokuwedzera, boka rinotungamirirwa naAz-Zarqawi rakatanga kushandisa nzira dzemagandanga kwete kuuto reUnited States, asi kuvagari veIraqi, kunyanya kuvaShiites. Izvi zvakakonzera kuderera mukududzirwa kweAl-Qaeda muIraa pakati pevanhu vemo. Nekuda kudzorera kuongororwa uye kusimbisa masimba ekumanikidzwa kune masangano ekubatana, muna 2006 az-Zarqawi akaronga "Mujahideen Meeting", iyo yakaisanganisira, kunze kweAl-Qaeda, mamwe masere manomwe makuru echiIslam.

Asi muna June 2006, Az-Zarqawi akaurayiwa semugumisiro wekuputira bhomba neUnited States. Mutungamiri mutsva wesangano waiva Abu Ayyub al-Masri.

Islamic nyika muIraq

Mushure mokubvisa AZ-ZARKAVI, nhoroondo yeGIL yakachinja mutungamiri wayo zvakare. Panguva ino, kune tsika yekuparara ne al-Qaeda.

Muna Gumiguru 2006, "Ongororo yeGungano reMujahideen" yakashuma kusikwa kweIslamic State yeIraq (IGI), uye yakazviita pachayo, pasina kumirira kubvuma kubva kune hutungamiri hweAl-Qaeda. Asi kusvikira kuputsa kwekupedzisira neboka iri regandanga raive richiri kure.

Musoro we "nyika" iyi yakaziviswa guta reIraqi reBaquba. Eriya wake wekutanga aiva Abu Umar al-Baghdadi, avo vekare vanozivikanwa chete nokuda kwekuti iye ari mugari weIraq uye akatungamira "Consultative Assembly ye Mujahideen." Muna 2010, akaurayiwa muTikrit mushure mokunge mhirizhonga yakaitwa neUnited States-Iraqi. Mugore rimwe chete, mutungamiri weAl-Qaeda muIraq, Abu Ayyub al-Masri, akaurawa zvakare, uyo aionekwawo sevatungamiriri veGI.

Mumwe muIsraeri wekare weIraq akanga ari Iraqi anogara Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, uyo akanga atova musungwa mumusasa wevasungwa weUnited States pakufungidzirwa kwekunyengedzera. Mutungamiri weAl-Qaeda muIraq ishamwari yake Abu Suleiman al-Nasir. Panguva imwecheteyo, akagadzwa mupi wemauto weGI, uye mugore ra2014 akava mukuru wevakuru vesangano reIslamic state.

Dzidzo yeGIL

Kubva kweGIL se sangano, sezvatinoona, inodzokera kumashure gumi emakore ezana remakore rechi21, asi zita racho rakaonekwa muna April chete 2013, apo IGI yakawedzera mabasa ayo kuSiria, kureva kunyika dzeLevant. Nokudaro, IGIL saka anotsanangura - Islamic nyika yeIraq neLevant. Zita re sangano iri mukushandura kwechiArabic ndiAAAA. IGIL zvenguva pakarepo, sezvo yakatanga kushanda zvakasimba muSiria, yakatanga kukwezva varwi vakawanda kubva kune dzimwe mapoka echiIslam. Mukuwedzera, varwi vanobva kuU.U.U.U.U.U.U.US.Russia, nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda vakatanga kushanyira sangano iri.

Siria inokonzerwa nehondo yevagari vomunharaunda, iyo iri kuwirirana pakati pehurumende mauto eMutungamiri Assad nemapoka evanhu vanopesana nehurumende emhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Nokudaro, Igir yeSyria yakanyatsokwanisa kutora kutonga kwenharaunda inokosha yenyika. Sangano iri rakabudirira zvikuru muna 2013-2014. Guta racho rakatamiswa kubva kuBaacuba kuenda kuguta reSiriya reEr-Raqqa.

Panguva imwecheteyo, nharaunda yeGIG yakasvika pakukura kwayo kukuru muIraq. Iboka racho rinotungamira pasi rose mupurovhinzi yese yeAnbar, pamwe chete nemaguta anokosha eTikrit neMosul panguva yekumukira hurumende yeShiite yeIraq.

Kubva pakupedzisira kubva kuAl-Qaeda

Pakutanga, "nyika" IGIL yakaedza kuita maererano nehumwe hurumende muSiria kurwisana nehurumende yeAsad, asi munaJanuary 2014 yakapinda muhondo yakasununguka pamwe neboka guru rekupikisa - the Free Syrian Army.

Munguva iyi, pakanga pane kupera kokupedzisira kweGIL neAl-Qaeda. Ihu hutungamiri hwekupedzisira hwaida kuti IG inobvisa varwi kubva kuSiria uye kudzokera kuIraq. Mumiriri weAl-Qaeda chete muSiria aifanira kumiririrwa chete ne Front-Al-Nusra grouping. Ndiyo iye uyo akafananidzira sangano rezvematongerwo enyika munyika yose munharaunda yenyika. IGIL yakaramba kuita zvinodiwa nehutungamiri hweAl-Qaeda. Sezvakaguma, muna February 2014, Al-Qaeda yakataura kuti haina chokuita neGIL, saka haikwanisi kudzora sangano iri kana kuti rinotarisira zviito zvaro.

Nguva pfupi mushure meizvi, kurwa kwakamuka pakati pevarwi veDaish uye Front of An-Nusra.

Kuziviswa kwechikafu

Nhoroondo yeGIG inowana zviyero zvakasiyana siyana mushure mokuzivisa kwechikafu. Izvi zvakaitika kumapeto kwaJune 2014. Nokudaro, sangano rakatanga kutaurira kwete chete kuve munharaunda munharaunda yacho, asi kubwinya munyika yose yeIslam, ine tarisiro yekugadzira caliphate pasi rose. Mushure meizvozvo, yakange ichinzi "Islamic State" (IG) pasina kureva imwe nzvimbo. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi akatora zita reCalifi.

Chiziviso chechigadziro, kune rumwe rutivi, chakaita kuti kuwedzerwa kusimbiswa kwechiremera cheGI mumaziso evanhu vakawanda vechiSulumani, izvo zvakaita kuti kuwedzerwa kwemauto anoda kupinda muboka. Asi kune rumwe rutivi, zvakakonzera kupikisana kukuru kune mamwe masangano echiIslam akanga asingadi kumira neIg's primacy.

Kushanda kweAllies pamusoro peGI

Zvichakadaro, nharaunda yenyika yave yakanyatsoziva nezvekukuvadzwa kunoitwa nehurumende yeIslam, nokuti nharaunda yeGIL yakaramba ichiwedzera.

Kubva pakati pegore ra2014, US inotanga kupa rubatsiro rwakananga remauto kuhurumende yeIraq kurwisana neGI. Kwapera nguva yakati, Turkey, Australia, France, Germany yakapindira muhondo. Vakarongedza bhomba rekugara kwevarwi veG IG mugore ra2014 kusvika kune rimwe, zvose zviri munharaunda yeIraq uye munharaunda yeSyria.

Kubva munaSeptember 2015, pakukumbira kwehurumende yeSiriya, Russia yakatanga kutora chikamu mukurwisana neGI. Shanduro dzaro dzekufambisa ndege dzakatangawo kuuraya panzvimbo yeboka rakanyanyisa. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kusvika kune zvibvumirano zvekugadzirisa zviito pakati peRussia nehubatanidzwa hwekuMadokero kwenyika, nekuda kwehuwandu hwekupesana.

Kubatsira kwemauto kwekudzivirira kwenyika dzakawanda kwakabatsira kuti nharaunda yeGIG muIraq yakaderedzwa zvikuru. Uyewo, kukanganisa kwevarwi muSiria kwakagadziriswa, vakakwanisa kudzorera nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kubva kwavari. Musoro weG IG Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi akakuvara zvakakomba.

Asi yakakurumidza kuti ataure pamusoro pokukunda kwekubatana pamusoro pehurumende yeIslam.

Kuparadzirwa kweGI

Iyo nzvimbo huru yezviito zveIslamic nyika ndiyo nharaunda yeIraq neSiriya. Asi sangano rakawedzera simba rayo kune dzimwe nyika. IGIL inodzora zvakananga dzimwe nzvimbo muLibhiya neLebhanoni. Mukuwedzera, mumakore achangobva kupfuura, boka racho ratanga kushanda nesimba muAfghanistan, kuunganidza vanhu vekare vaTaliban vatsigiri. Vatungamiri veNigerian magandanga neboka reIslam "Boko Haram" vakapika kuvimbika kune Caliph of the Islamic state, uye nharaunda dziri kutungamirirwa nesangano iri, yakatanga kunzi chirwere cheGI. Mukuwedzera, IG ine matavi muEgypt, Philippines, Yemen nemamwe masangano akawanda enyika.

Vatungamiri venyika yeIslam vanoita sekutonga nyika dzose dzaive chikamu cheArabic Caliphate neOttoman Empire, vane vagari venhaka vanozviona ivo pachavo.

Hurongwa hweHurumende hwehurumende yeIslam

Nyika yeIslam muhutano hwehurumende inogona kunzi ushe hweumambo. Iyo Khalifa ndiye musoro wehurumende. Mutumbi, une basa rekupa mazano, unonzi Shura. Analogies ehurumende ndeyeIngeri Council, mauto ehurumende nepamutemo, nheyo yehutano, nezvimwe. Sangano rine mazhinji emasero munyika dzakawanda dzenyika dzine rusununguko rwakasimba mukutonga.

Nharaunda iyo IG inoshandisa, yakakamurwa kuva 37 vilayats (mahofisi ehurumende).

Matarisiro

Ihurumende yeIslam ine sangano duku revagandanga rinopararira pasi rose nepamusoro. Inoshuvira kutonga kwete kuMiddle East chete, asi munyika yose yeMuslim. Nhamba inowedzera yevanhu vakadzama vari kubatana nayo. Nzira dzekutungamira kurwisana kweGI dzakanyanya kuipa.

Rega kufambira mberi kwechirongwa ichi kunogona kungoenderana chete uye zviito zvenguva pfupi zvemunyika yose.