Smolensk hondo ye1812 - kukwikwidza kwekutanga kwehondo yeRussia neNapoleon

Hondo yeSmolensk ye1812, iyo yakaitika pakutanga kweAugust, ndiyo yaiva hondo yokutanga pakati peRussia neFrench, uye kunyange zvazvo isina kuve hondo yakazara, yakadaro yakava imwe yezviitiko zvinoshamisa zvikuru zvehondo neNapoleon. Zvakachengeteka kutaura kuti kupesana uku kwemauto kwakaratidza kutanga kwemamiriro ekushandura munguva yekutarisana.

Kunyange zvazvo kudzoka kweuto reRussia kuMoscow kusina kumisa, zvisinei, mushure mokunge Hondo yeSmolensk yapera, yakatora mutsauko wakasiyana, uye Napoleon akatanga kunzwisisa kuti nokukurumidza "blitzkrieg" yaisazoshanda, uye nokukurumidza kana gare gare taizofanira kutsvaga nzira itsva dzokuita hondo uye , Zvichida kunyange zviitiko zvekudzivirira.

Zvinonakidza kuti kunyange zvazvo Napoleon pachake kana mutungamiri wekutanga weWest Western Army, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly, akatevera hondo yeSmolensk, zvakanga zvisingabviri kuzvidzivirira. Napoleon aifanira kuita bhabheri mukufambira mberi kwake nokukurumidza kudunhu reRussia. Nemhaka yekudiwa kwekuzvigadzirira zvokudya, mauto eFrance akatambanudzirwa kumativi, uye aifanira kuiswazve mune rimwe tsvimbo, panguva imwe chete achiedza kubvisa First Western Army yaBarlay de de Tolly kubva pakabatana neChipiri Army yakarayirwa neBagration uye panguva imwecheteyo Izvo zvose kubva muguta guru.

Barclay de Tolly akatyawo kupinda muhondo yakananga nemauto eumambo weFrance, achiziva kuti akadzidziswa sei uye akasimba mauto ake ari munzira iyi yekuita hondo. Akanga asingadi kupedza simba rekurwa kwemauto eRussia nehondo yakadaro, achiziva kuti chero zvikaitika mberi kwemuvengi kuMoscow hakuzobvira. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekumanikidzirwa kwekumanikidzwa kwemumambo uye vakuru vake, izvo zvakakurudzirwa neanoita sekuparadzana kweuto reFrance, aifanira kubvumirana nehondo pedyo neSmolensk.

Musi waAugust 4, zviuru gumi nezvitanhatu zveRussia mauto akadzosa kuurayiwa kwekutanga kweFrench muSmolensk, kudzivisa kukanganisa kwavo uye kupa mukana wekutanga uye wechipiri maWestern Western, ayo manheru ezuva rimwe chete akabatanidzwa mune 120,000-simba boka, kuswedera kuguta ndokugara panzvimbo dzakakwirira dzebheni rakarurama reDnieper rinopesana nema 200,000 Hondo yeFrance, yakasimbiswa kuruboshwe rworuboshwe.

Mambakwedza Napoleon aitarisira kuti mauto eRussia aizoenda kumunda kundorwa mumarudzi ose, asi izvi hazvina kuitika. Mutungamiri wekuRussia-mukuru, uyo achiri kuda kuchengetedza hondo chero ipi zvayo uye asingabvisi kubva muguta guru, akarayirwa kudzokera kuMoscow. Kuti vafukidze kudzoka uye kudzivisa kuparadzwa kwemauto eFrance, zvitunha zveRayevsky neDokhturov, uye mapoka eDevovsky neKonovitsin, avo vari mubato guru vakapinda muhondo neFrench, vakagoverwa. Kurasikirwa kwehondo yaNapoleon pedyo neSmolensk yaiva vanhu vanenge zviuru makumi maviri. Apo hondo yeRussia yakarasikirwa nemauto zviuru gumi chete.

Zuva rakatevera paValutina Mountain - musha 10 km kubva kuSmolensk, pakanga pane kupesana pakati pe 3000 mauto eRussia akarairwa naGeneral Tuchkov uye makumi mana eFrance vaibva muzvitunha zveGeneral Ney, vakatumwa naNapoleon nechinangwa chekucheka zvinyorwa zveuto reRussia raibva . Tuchkov, achiongorora dambudziko rakaita kuti maneyver Ney aimiririre vanhu veRussia, nokuzvidira akavhara nzira yeFrance nebasa rake duku, achitora nzvimbo yakanakisisa pedyo nemugwagwa weSmolenskaya. Achitenderera kubudirira kwechinzvimbo chake, Tuchkov akakwanisa kudzivisa vaFrance zuva rose uye kunyange nguva nenguva kuti vashandure kuva vanopikisa. Munguva yekupedzisira yavo, iyo yakanga yatotanga pasi pechiedza chemwedzi, mukuru wehurumende akakuvadzwa nebayonet uye akatorwa musungwa.

Zvisinei, kuedza kwaTuchkov kwakanga kusiri pasina. Hondo yeRussia yakabudirira kubudirira. Nokudaro, hondo yeSmolensk yakapedzwa, yakagara kwemazuva maviri. Smolensk akawira, asi uto reRussia risina kurasikirwa kukuru rakayambuka Dnieper ndokudzokerazve mukati muRussia, rakagadzirira kupfuurira mberi kwemabasa.