German Civil Code

Mutemo wehurumende yeGermany ndeye mitemo yemitemo yevanhu yakagamuchirwa neReichstag muna 1896, uye yakatanga kushanda makore mana gare gare, muna 1900.

Chimiro chekodhi yacho yakakonzerwa nehutachiona hwehurwere, pamwe nekugoverwa kwechikamu chinowanikwa, chekuita, kodzero, yemhuri uye yeropafadzo. Nokudaro, nheyo yacho ine mabhuku mashanu, rimwe nerimwe raanoenderana nebazi rayo remurairo. Bhuku rokutanga rakapihwa kune chikamu chairo. Inotarisa zvinonyanya kugadziriswa mumutemo wehurumende, pamwe chete nemitemo inogadzirisa chinzvimbo chemuviri uye wemutemo, kukwanisa kwepamutemo uye kuverenga kwemazuva ekuregererwa.

Bhuku repiri rinopihwa kumutemo wezvisungo; Bhuku rechitatu rinoratidzira zvigadziriswa zvekodzero yakarurama; Chechina chinotsanangura mitemo yemutemo wemhuri; Bhuku rechishanu rinojekesa zvinyorwa zvemutemo wemhuri.

Mutemo wehurumende yeGermany we1900 unoparadzanisa kodzero yepamutemo yehurumende yepamutemo uye munhu mumwechete. Nzira yepamutemo yekupedzisira iyi inobva panguva yekuzvarwa, uye simba repamutemo - paunosvika makore makumi maviri nemaviri. Vanhu vari muhutano hwepfungwa vakashaiwa simba ravo repamutemo, naizvozvo kuda kwavo kwaifungidzirwa kusina chakanaka uye kusina maturo.

Masangano chete, zvibvumirano kana masangano akaonekwa semasangano epamutemo. Kuti sangano rezvemitemo rizivikanwe seine kodzero yepamutemo, chiito chekugadzwa kwechirongwa chinofanira kubvumidzwa nehurumende yehurumende, mune izvo sangano rezvemitemo richave rakanyoresa, rinodikanwa pane izvi. Bhuku rimwechete rinotaura mitemo inoratidza zvikonzero zvekudzivirira hurumende yepamutemo. Mutemo wehurumende yeGermany weku 1896 hautongi mutemo wemakambani asina kukwana, uyewo makambani akabatanidzwa. Zvigadziro zvine chokuita nemhando iyi inhengo yepamutemo inowanikwa mumitemo yakawanda iripo pamwe chete nehurumende yehurumende.

Mutemo wehurumende yeGermany mune chikamu chemutemo unomanikidzika unogadzira chimiro choga chekuitika kwezvisungo - kontrakiti. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, bhuku rechipiri rinojekesa zviitiko zvekusagadziriswa kwezvibvumirano. Nzvimbo dzeizvi zvingava kuputsa "hana yakanaka" uye "kufarira".

Mutemo wehurumende yeGermany mubhuku rechitatu pamusoro pemutemo wepfuma inoratidzira marudzi ebazi iri. Kune mazita avo: kodzero yehudziri, kodzero yekushandisa chimwe chinhu cheumwe munhu nekuwana kubva pane ichi kukosha, kodzero yekuwana chimwe chinhu. Uyu mutemo wepamutemo wakapararira nzvimbo yekodzero dzekugara, uye wakavapawo kudzivirirwa pakusundwa kwepamutemo. Zvinokonzera kukanganisa kumwechete kunosanganisira kusungirwa kwekubhadharwa kwayo.

Mutemo wehurumende weGermany unotsanangura mitemo yemutemo wewanano. Kuroorana, maererano navo, vakaziva nzvimbo yepamutemo yepamutemo, nekutarirwa kwekuti mabasa echechi anoenderera mberi achishanda pasina kuzvimiririra pane zvinyorwa zvebhuku rino. Akarongedzawo nguva yewanano: vakadzi - makore gumi nematanhatu, varume - makumi maviri nerimwe chete. Mukuwedzera, pakanga paine mazita akadzivirira mararamiro, uye nekurambana, pane zvikonzero zvinokosha, uye chido chekuwirirana chemapoka chakanga chisina kukwana. Kuberekera ndiko kodzero yevabereki vaviri. Kunyanya kubhadhara kunobhadharwa kune vana vanoberekwa vasina kuroorana.

Zviyero zvemurairo wemurairo hazvipi zvido zvishoma. Mubvunzo wemitemo yenhaka, uyewo nzira yekupinda kwefa yemurairo uye kugamuchirwa kwaro nevakagari venhaka kunoratidzwa. Kana kusina hama dzepedyo, vagari venhaka vanogadzwa maererano nehuwandu hwehukama, hwainzi "parantella". Dhigirii yekutanga ndeyevanhu vari kuburuka kunyore, chipiri chechipiri ndevabereki vane vanhu vari kuburuka kwezera, chidimbu chechitatu - mbuya na sekuru pamwe nekuderera. Nheyo yehurumende yeGermany inotanga kusimbisa chikamu chinosiyana chebazi iri remurairo. Maererano naye, mukadzi anenge ari mupenyu aive nechokwadi chokuti ane nhaka.

Nokudaro, kodhi yakava chirevo chechimiro chechimiro chechimiro, icho chaiva nechinonyanya kukosha pamutemo kwete weGermany chete, asiwo kune dzimwe nyika.