Ndiani Tamerlane? Makore ehupenyu, biography, hondo uye kukunda Tamerlane

Zita rakakwana rekukunda kukuru kwekare, iyo ichakurukurwa munyaya yedu, Timur ibn Taragay Barlas, asi mumabhuku ayo anowanzozonzi Tamerlane, kana Iron Chromium. Inofanira kutsanangurwa kuti Iron yakanga isingazivi zita rake chete, asi zvakare nokuti iyi ndiyo iyo Timur inoshandura zita rake kubva mutauro weTurkic. Ramba raiva chikonzero chekukuvara kwakagamuchirwa mune imwe yehondo. Pane chikonzero chekutenda kuti mutungamiriri uyu asingazivikanwi wekare akabatanidzwa muropa guru rakadururwa muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri.

Ndiani Tamerlane uye anobva kupi?

Pakutanga, mazwi mashomanana pamusoro pehuduku hwemangwana guru Khan. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti Timur-Tamerlane akaberekwa musi waApril 9, 1336 munharaunda yemazuva ano eUuzbek yeShakhrisabz, iyo yaiva musha muduku wainzi Khoja-Ilgar. Baba vake - muridzi wepanyika kubva kurudzi rwaBarlas - Muhammad Taragay, vanozviti chiIslam, uye vakakurira murutendo urwu mwanakomana wavo.

Kutevera tsika dzeiyo nguva, kubvira paucheche akadzidzisa mukomana zvidzidzo zvehutori hwemasoja - kutasva, kupfura nouta uye kupotsera pfumo. Somugumisiro, sezvo asina kusvika pakukura, akanga atova murwi ane ruzivo. Yaiva panguva iyo Tamerlane uyo aizokunda akazowana zivo inokosha.

Nhoroondo yemunhu uyu, kana kuti, chikamu icho icho chakazova chiitiko chenhoroondo, inotanga nekuti muhuduku hwake akawana nzvimbo yeKan Tuglik, mutongi weChaagatai ulus, mumwe weMongolia nyika ane nharaunda iyo mutungamiri wemangwana akazvarwa.

Achikoshesa unhu hwekurwa, pamwe nemafungiro anoshamisa eTimur, akamuswededza pedyo nedare, achiita mwanakomana wake mudzidzisi. Zvisinei, mutambo weZangrevich, achitya kukwirira kwake, wakatanga kuvaka matanho pamusoro pake, uye somugumisiro, achitya nokuda kwehupenyu hwake, mudzidzisi akazvarwa patsva akamanikidzwa kutiza.

Pamusoro we mercenary detachment

Makore ehupenyu hwaTamerlane akabatanidzwa nenguva yekare apo Central Asia yaiva inhandare inopfuurira yekuita zvehondo. Yakaputirwa nehuzhinji hwehurumende, yaigara ichingoparadzaniswa nemakakatanwa emukati emunharaunda yeKhans, avo vaigara vachitsvaka kubata nyika dzakapoteredza. Mamiriro acho akanga akawedzerwa nemapoka akawanda emabhomba - jute, uyo asina kuziva simba chero ripi zvaro uye akararama chete nekubira.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mudzidzisi asina kubudirira Timur-Tamerlane akawana basa rake rechokwadi. Akabatana makumi maviri nemazana gulyamas - nyanzvi dzakashandira varwi - akasika musasa, mukuru mukurwisana maitiro uye utsinye kune dzimwe dzose dzakapoteredza zvikwata.

Kutanga kukunda

Pamwe chete nematanda ake, mutungamiri mutsva akangoberekwa akaita zvechisimba kumaguta nemisha. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti muna 1362 akatora dutu dzimwe dzimba dzakasimba dzevaSarbadars - vatori vechikamu chechikwata chakakurumbira pamusoro pekutonga kweMongol. Achivabata, akarayira kurusvingo kunze kwevadziviriri varipo kusvika kumadziro. Ichi chaiva chiito chokutyisidzira vese vadzivisi venguva yemberi, uye utsinye hwakadaro hwakava chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zveunhu hwake. Nenguva pfupi, pamusoro paani Tamerlane, akaziva iyo yose yeEast.

Yaiva panguva iyoyo mune imwe yehondo yakarasikirwa neminwe miviri yoruoko rwake rworudyi uye yakagamuchira ronda rakakomba muhudyu. Migumisiro yaro yakachengetedzwa kusvikira pakuguma kwehupenyu uye yakashanda sechikonzero chezita rezita rekuti - Timur Lame. Zvisinei, kuvepa uku hakuna kumudzivisa kuti ave mufananidzo wakaita basa rinokosha munhoroondo yeMiddle, Western neSouth Asia chete, asiwo Caucasus neRussia mumugumo wekupedzisira wezana remakore rechigumi nemana.

Tarenda chaiyo uye kusashamisika kunoshamisa kwakabatsira Tamerlane kukurira nharaunda yose yeFergana kuburikidza nekutonga Samarkand, uye kugadzira guta guru rehurumende ichangobva kuumbwa guta reKet. Uyezve, hondo yake yakamhanyira kunharaunda yeAng Afghanistan ino, uye, ichiiparadza, yakaparadza guta rekare reBalkh, iro raiye-Hussein-akangoerekana asungirirwa. Zvakaitika zvake zvakagoverwa nevakawanda vevaridzi.

Utsinye sekudzivisa

Nzira inotevera yekurwiswa kwevatasvi vake vemabhiza yaiva guta reIsfahan neFars, riri kumaodzanyemba kweBalkh, uko vamiririri vekupedzisira veMambo wePezhiya weMuzaffarids vakatonga. Yokutanga mumugwagwa wayo waiva Isfahan. Achingomubata, uye achitora varwi vake, Timur Lamei akarayira kuisa misoro yevakafa mu piramidi iyo yakakwirira kupfuura kupfuura kukwirira kwemunhu. Ichi chaiva kupfuurira kwemaitiro ake anogara achityisa vavengi.

Ihwo hunhu hunofanirwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hunotevera hwaTamerlane, mubati uye mutungamiriri, hunoratidzwa nekuratidzwa kwehutsinye hwakanyanya. Mune chikamu, chinogona kutsanangurwa nekuti iye pachake akava musungwa wehutano hwake. Ari kutungamirira boka rezvemapurisa, Lame aifanira kubhadhara nguva dzose kune avo vemauto, zvisinei kuti maitiro avo aizomupandukira. Izvi zvakamanikidzwa kuti zviwane zvitsva zvinokunda uye kukundwa nemhando ipi zvayo iripo.

Kutanga kwehondo yekurwisa Golden Horde

Mukutanga kwemazana makumi mapfumbamwe nemana ezana remakore rechiXIV chikwata chinotevera chekutakura kwaTamerlane chaiva kukundwa kweGood Horde, kana, zvisinei, Dzhuchiev ulus. Mairi, kubvira pakutanga kwezana remakore, Euro-Asia mazamu akawanda akatenderera nechitendero chake chemazana, chisina chokuita neIslam, chakareurura nevakawanda varo varwi. Nokudaro, kurwa, kwakatanga muna 1383, kwakava kupesana kwete chete kwemauto anopesana, asiwo emitemo miviri yakasiyana.

Ordynsky Khan Tokhtamysh, iye chete uyo muna 1382 akaita urongwa hwokurwisana neMoscow, achida kuenda mberi kweaipikisana naye uye wokutanga kurwisa, akatanga chirongwa chaipikisa Kharezm. Sezvo akawana kubudirira kwekanguva, akabatawo nharaunda inokosha yeAzerbaijan yemazuva ano, asi nokukurumidza mauto ake akamanikidzwa kudzoka, achitakura kurasikirwa kukuru.

Muna 1385, achibatsirwa nechokwadi chokuti Timur pamwe nemapoka ake aiva muPersia, akadzokorora kuedza, asi panguva ino akakundikana. Paaidzidza nezvekupinda kweHorde, mutungamiriri anotyisa akakurumidza kudzorera mauto ake kuCentral Asia, uye akakunda muvengi zvachose, achimanikidza Tokhtamysh pachake kuti atizire kuWestern Siberia.

Kuenderera mberi kwekurwisana nevaTatar

Zvisinei, pane kukunda uku kweGold Horde kusati kwapera. Chigumo chekupedzisira chakatangwa nemakore mashanu, chizere nehondo dzisingagumi dzechiuto uye neropa. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti muna 1389 Horde Khan akakwanisawo kusimbisa kuti muhondo nevaMuslim iye aitsigirwa neRussian squads.

Rufu rwaMukuru Duke weMoscow Dmitry Donskoy akapindira pane izvi, mushure mokunge mwanakomana wake uye mugari wenhaka Vasily vaifanira kuenda kuHorde kuti vateereri vachatonga. Tokhtamysh akasimbisa kodzero dzake, asi nekubatanidzwa kwemauto eRussia mukudzosa kurwisa kwevaMuslim.

Kukunda kweGood Horde

Muchinda Vasily akabvuma, asi zvaingova zvechimiro chaiwo. Mushure mekukundwa, kutungamirirwa naTokhtamysh muMoscow, hapana wevaRussia aida kuteura ropa rake. Somugumisiro, muhondo yekutanga paRwizi Kondurche (mutongi weVolga) vakarasa vaTatars uye, vayambuka vachienda kune rumwe rutivi rwegungwa, vakabva.

Kupedzwa kwekukunda kweHorld Horde kwaiva hondo kuTerek River, iyo musi waApril 15, 1395, mauto eTokhtamysh naTimur akaungana pamwechete. Iron Chrometz yakakwanisa kukonzera kukundwa kunorwadza kune muvengi wake uye nokudaro akaisa kuguma kumatunhu eTatar munharaunda pasi pekutonga kwake.

Kutyisidzira nyika dzeRussia uye kurwisa kweIndia

Hondo inotevera yakagadzirirwa ivo mumoyo weRussia. Chinangwa chemugadziro wakarongeka waiva kuMoscow neRyazan, uyo akanga asina kuziva Tamerlane kare, uye ndiani akabhadhara Golden Horde. Asi, neruremekedzo, zvirongwa izvi zvakanga zvisingafanirwi kuzadzika. Kuvhiringidzwa kweCycascassia neAssetians, iyo yakatanga kumashure kwemauto aTimur, uye yakadzivisa mukundi kuti asadzoke shure, akadzivisa mberi. Imba yega ndiyo yaive guta reYelets, iyo yaiva munzira yayo.

Mumakore maviri akatevera, hondo yake yakakunda kukunda kuIndia. Kubata Delhi, varwi veTimur vakapamba uye vakapisa guta racho, uye vatsigiri 100 000 vakabatwa muutapwa vakaurayiwa, vachitya kuti zvaigona kupandukira ivo. Mushure mekunge vasvika kumhenderekedzo yeG Ganges uye vachitora dzimba dzakawanda dzakakomberedzwa mumugwagwa, hondo yezviuru zvevanhu yakadzokera kuSamarkand nefuma yakawanda uye varanda vakawanda.

Kukundwa kwetsva uye ropa idzva

Kutevera India, ndiyo yakanga iri kutendeuka kweOttoman Sultanate kuzviisa pasi pamunondo waTamerlane. Muna 1402, akakunda kusakundwa kusvika panguva iyoyo gavhuna Sultan Bayazid, uye iye pachake akatorwa musungwa. Somugumisiro, pasi pekutonga kwake kwaive nzvimbo yose yeAsia Minor.

Mauto aTamerlane nemagetsi-ionites, avo kwemakore akawanda vakabata nhare yeguta rekare reSmirna, vaisakwanisa kudzivisa mauto. Zvinopfuura kamwechete zvakaratidza kurwisa kwevaTurkey, vakazvipira kune tsitsi dzekukunda akaremara. Apo vakabatsirwa nezvikepe zveVenetian neGenosese nekusimbiswa, vakunda vakavadzinga kubva kunhare iyo yakagadzirirwa nemisoro yakasara yevadziviriri.

Chirongwa icho Tamerlane akakundikana kuita

The biography of this chief commander and the evil genius of his era, concludes with the last ambitious project, which was his campaign against China, which began in 1404. Chinangwa chakanga chiri kutora Great Silk Road, iyo yakapa mukana wekugamuchira mutero kubva kune vatengesi vanofamba uye kuzadza mari yayo yakawanda yakawanda. Asi kugona kwezvakaumbwa kwakadziviswa nerufu rwe kamwe kamwe, iro rakaputsa hupenyu hwomutungamiriri muna February 1405.

Eriya mukuru wemambo weTimurid - pasi pezita rakadaro akapinda munhoroondo yevanhu vake - akavigwa mu mausoleum yeGur Emir kuSamarkand. Nekuviga kwake nhoroondo yakabatana, yakapfuudzwa kubva kumarudzi kusvika kune zvizvarwa. Inotaura kuti kana Tamerlane's sarcophagus inosvinudzwa uye madota ake achishungurudzika, ipapo hondo inotyisa uye yeropa ichava chirango chayo.

MunaJune 1941, mafambiro eChikoro cheScience yeU.SR akatumirwa kuSamarkand kuti adzinge zvasara zvemukuru weuto uye kuti avatsvakurudze. Guva rakavhurwa usiku hweJune 21, uye zuva rakatevera, sezvinozivikanwa, Hondo yePatriotic yakatanga.

Imwe chokwadi inofadza. Muna Gumiguru 1942, mumwe muzvikamu zvezviitiko izvi, cameraman Malik Kayumov, musangano naMarshal Zhukov, vakamuudza pamusoro pekutukwa kwaakanga aita uye akazvipira kudzorera madota aTamerlan panzvimbo yake yekare. Izvi zvakaitwa musi waNovember 20, 1942, uye pazuva rimwechete kuchinja kukuru kwakaitika panguva yeHondo yeStartrad.

Vanyengeri vanowanzopikisa kuti munyaya iyi paingova nehuwandu hwezviitiko, nokuti chirongwa chekurwiswa kweUSSR chakagadzirwa kwenguva yakareba musati wambozarura guva nevanhu vainyatsoziva kuti Tamerlane aiva ani, asi, zvirokwazvo, havana kufunga nezvekutuka kunowedzera pamusoro peguva rake. Pasina kupinda mukukakavara, tichataura chete kuti munhu wese ane kodzero yekuve nemaonero ake panyaya iyi.

Mhuri yekukunda

Zvekuda kufarira kune vanotsvakurudza ndivo madzimai nevana veTimur. Kufanana nevatongi vekuEastern, uyu mukunda mukuru wekare aiva nemhuri huru. Madzimai ehurumende chete (kwete kuverenga varongo) akanga ane vanhu 18, avo vaSaray-mulk hanim vanoonekwa sevanoda. Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti mukadzi ane zita rakadaro remanyoo akanga asingabereki, aivimbwa nekurerwa kwevakawanda vevanakomana vake nevana vazukuru. Akanyurawo munhau sehutongi wehuni nesayenzi.

Zvinonzwisisika kuti nehuwandu hwevakadzi nemadzimai muvana ipapo pakange pasina kushaikwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, vana vake chete ndivo vakagadza nzvimbo dzaive dzakakwirira zvakadaro, uye vakava vatongi muumambo hwakagadzirwa nababa. Muvanhu vavo nhoroondo yaTamerlane yakawana kupfuurira kwayo.