Bulgarian umambo: nhoroondo yezvakabva

Mune chikamu chekumabvazuva kweBalkan Peninsula ndiRepublic of Bulgaria, iyo yakagadzira nzira yakareba uye yakaoma mukugadzirisa kwayo, panguva iyo zvikamu zvezvematongerwe enyika uye zvemagariro zvinotevera zvakateverwa nenguva yekuderera. Kuumbwa kwehurumende yeBulgaria uye nhoroondo yaro yakatevera yakazova musoro wehurukuro iyi.

Zvisikwa zvehurumende yekutanga muBalkans

Mitsara mikuru yenhau yeumambo hweBulgaria inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana. Vanhu vokutanga vakapedza chikamu chikuru cheBalkan Peninsula muna 681 AD. E., Akave protobo-Bulgarians, inoumbwa nevamiriri vemarudzi eTurkey, kubva muzana remakore rechina raigara muGungwa Dzvuku richienda kusvika kumaodzanyemba kweNorth Caucasus. Vakabatanidzwawo zvakare nemapoka evaSlavic neveTracian akasiyana. Hurumende yakaumbwa navo yakaenda munhoroondo seChekutanga yeBulgaria uye yakagara kusvikira 1018, apo yakawira pasi pekuparadzwa kweByzantium.

Nguva yekuyerera kwayo yakanyanya kuonekwa sekutonga kwaMambo Simeon I weKukuru, iyo yakatangira kubva muna 893 kusvika muna 927. Pasi pake, guta guru reBritain reBulgaria, kusvikira 893 muPliska, uye ndokuzoendeswa kuPreslav, yakanga isiri iyo huru huru yezvematongerwo enyika uye zvematongerwe enyika, asiwo yakaita basa rekubatanidza vanhu vakawanda veSlavic.

Iyo nguva yeChekutanga yeBulgaria

Munguva yekutonga kwaSimononi I, miganhu yenyika yake yakafukidza vazhinji veBalkan Peninsula, zvichipa kuwanikwa kune makungwa matatu - Black, Aegean uye Adriatic. Maererano nehuchapupu hwehukuru hwemazuva ano neByzantinist - scientist wechiFrench wechiGiriki kubva kuEleni Arveler - ndiyo yaiva yekutanga nyika yakagadzirwa nevanhu vasiri munharaunda munharaunda yemakore iwayo eByzantium.

Umambo hwekutanga hweBulgaria hwakakodzerwa nekuonga kwevana kuburikidza kuti yakabatsira zvikuru kudzidzisa kwevahedheni vechihedheni vechiSlav nechiedza cheOrthodoxy. Iko kwaiva pano panguva yekutonga kwevamwari vakaipa Tsar Boris I (852-889), akazozvirumbidzwa mumifananidzo yevasande, yekutanga maSlav akafananidzira, uye naizvozvo kupararira kwekuverenga nekunyora munyika dzeEastern Europe.

Kuwa kwehurumende pasi pekuparara kweByzantium

Munhoroondo yose yekutanga Kutonga kweBulgaria, kupesana kwezvematongerwe enyika kwakagara pakati pevatongi vayo neveByzantine madzimambo, chikamu chenharaunda iyo yakatorwa neProto-Bulgarians muna 681. Kazhinji yakakura ikava nharo dzakagadziriswa, uye dzimwe nguva muhondo dzakazara. Mushure mokurwisana kwakadaro kwakasununguka, kwakagadziriswa nevaRoma Byzantine Nikifor Foka, John Tzimisce naBasil III, umambo hwekutanga hweBulgaria, hwakakundikana kurwisa kupinda kwemuvakidzani ane simba uye ane simba.

Kusvikira mazuva edu akawana zvivako zvinoshamisa zvekuvakwa kwemazuva iwayo, zvakachengetedzwa kunyanya mumusoro miviri yekare yekare - Pliska nePlavv. Chokutanga chazvo chakanga chakakurumbira nokuda kweimba yaro-nhare yakasara isingakwanisiki kwemazana emakore. Kunyange nhasi iwe unogona kuona masara emadziro akakomberedza matombo, iyo yakareba yakasvika mamita maviri nehafu, uye yakapfuura pamusoro petareta shongwe.

Kuvandudzwa kweBulgaria Kingdom

Nezvekuti sei uye apo Umambo hweChipiri hweBulgaria hwakasimuka, vanyori venhau dzakaitika vane pfungwa yakananga. Mutongi weByzantine muBalkans akagumisa kupesana kwakatanga muna 1185 pasi peutungamiri hwaTodor-Peter nehama dzake Assenia uye Kaloyan. Somugumisiro, nyika yakasununguka yakadzorerwa, uye vatungamiri vevapanduki vakadzokera pasi munhoroondo pasi pemazita emadzimambo Petro IV uye mutongi wekambani Ivan Asen I. Mhuri yechipiri yeBulgaria iyo yavakasika yakagara kusvika muna 1422 uye, seyokutanga, mushure mokunge varwisana kwenguva refu vakawira pasi pekuparadzwa kwevavengi. Panguva ino, kuzvimirira kwake kwakaiswa kuguma kuHurumende yeOttoman.

Nyika iri mumatambudziko

Nhoroondo yeumambo hweBulgaria munguva ino inoratidzirwa nenhoroondo yezvakaitika kare iyo yakawira vanhu vazhinji venguva iyoyo-kupinda kwemadzinza emamwe maMongolian. Izvi zvakawira nyika apo, mushure mekufa kwaMambo Peter IV nemukoma wake, akawira mumaoko evatongi vasina simba uye vasina kukodzera, izvo zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kwesimba muBalkan Peninsula. Somugumisiro, Bulgaria yakamanikidzwa kubhadhara mutero kuna Horde kwenguva refu.

Chinzvimbo chayo chakaoma nekushaya simba pachena chakanga chisiri kunonoka kushandisa vavakidzani vakange vatora chikamu chemasango aimbova nehurumende yeBulgaria. Nokudaro, Makedhoniya neNorthern Thrace zvakare vakadzokera kuByzantium, uye Belgrade yakakundwa nevaHungari. Zvishoma nezvishoma, Walachia akanga arasikirwa. Hurumende yakadaro yakarashika simba rayo rekare, iyo imwe nguva mwanakomana weTatar Khan Nagoya aiva mambo wake.

Kuguma kwekusununguka uye kutanga kwejoko reTurkey

Zvisinei, maOttoman Turks akatanga kushandura kuparadza kwakanyanya kuBalkan Peninsula muzana remakore rechiXIV, panguva imwe yavakapamba guta guru rehurumende yeBulgaria panguva iyoyo - guta reTyrnov, iro rakapfuura zvachose pasi pekutonga kwevakunda muna 1393.

Chimwe chezvikonzero zvekukundwa kweumambo hweBulgaria chakanga chichiedza kubudirira kugumisa hukama nehurumende dzakapoteredza dzaive dziri pangozi yekubatwa. Kunyanya kushingaira kwaive maitiro evaTurks mushure mokunge mambo weBulgaria Ivan Alexander IV afa muna 1371, akakwanisa kuchengetedza ukama hwakanaka navo.

Chikonzero chacho chakasuruvarisa: chikwata chekukundwa, kwakatanga muna 1371 nekukundwa kweHondo yeRwizi rwaMaritsa uye kwakaguma nokufamba kunokunda kuburikidza neBalkan Peninsula yeSultan Bayazid I, zvakaita kuti kurasikirwa kwezvematongerwe enyika neBulgaria nyika kwemazana mazana mashanu emakore akapfuura munhau semakore eTurkey.

Zvisikwa zvekupedzisira kwemambo weBulgaria

Umambo hwechitatu hweBulgaria hwakagadzwa muna 1908 semugumisiro wekuziviswa kwehurumende yehurumende kubva muHurumende yeOttoman, iyo yakanga isina simba panguva iyoyo. Vakashandisa dambudziko racho, vaBulgaria vakakwanisa kukanda joko remazana emakore ndokugadzira hurumende yepamutemo yepamutemo inotungamirirwa naMambo Ferdinand I. Chimwe chezvakaitwa pakutanga zvezvematongerwe enyika chaiva kukunda uye kuwedzerwa kuumambo hweBulgaria weEastern Romania, uyo wakazosvika panguva iyoyo waiva chigaro chekutonga cheTurkey.

Nharaunda yeBulgaria yakachinja zvikuru munguva yeBalkan hondo mbiri, iyo yakatevera imwe pashure payo kubva panguva ye1912 kusvika muna 1913. Somugumisiro wekutanga weivo, Ferdinand I ndakakwanisa kudzoka uye kuwedzera nharaunda yakawanda yeThrace kuenda kuhurumende, uyewo kuwana ruzivo rweAegean Sea. Muchipiri, kubudirira kwechiuto kwakashandura vaBulgaria, uye chikamu chenyika dzakatorwa kare dzakabuda kunze kwekutonga kwavo.

Munguva Yekutanga Hondo Yenyika, Bulgaria yaiva imwe yenyika dzeEntente uye nokudaro yakazvichenesa pachayo nokutengesa zvido zvenyika yeSlavic. Chikonzero cheizvi chaiva chido chaFerdinand I, achishandisa kubatana neGermany, Austria-Hungary uye muvengi wavo wezvino - Turkey, kubatana nehurumende yaidiwa nenyika yeMasedhonia. Zvisinei, chiitiko ichi chakakonzera kuBulgaria kukundwa kwehondo uye kukamanikidzwa kwacho kumanikidza.

Kubatanidzwa kwenyika muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri uye kuguma kweumambo

Hondo Yenyika II Bulgaria yakatanga neropa rekuzvidira renharaunda yaro kuti igone mauto eGermany. Zvadaro zvakatevera kutevera kwake kubasa rehondo reGermany, Italy neJapan. Somugumisiro wezviito zvekugoverana zvemauto nehurumende idzi, Bulgaria yakabata gungwa guru reAegean Sea, iro raisanganisira chikamu cheTranskrace nechekuVardar Macedonia.

Mune nhoroondo yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, peji rinonyadzisa rakava dambudziko, rakaenzana nekuparadza, rakashandiswa neBulgaria basa rekuita basa muguta reGreece reDr Drama, vazhinji varo vemuhutu vaiva vaTurkey vanobva kune dzimwe nyika. Panguva imwechete kubva muna 1941 munharaunda yeBulgaria inoshanda masangano ekurwisana kwakakurumbira, kurwisana nemaNazi. Vashandi vavo nevatungamiri vaiva nhengo dzaive pasi pechipfuva muBulgarian Communist Party. Kuburikidza nezviito zvavo vakaita chikamu chakakosha ku kuora simba kwemasimba eTatu Reich.

Kubva mukuzivisa kwepamutemo kwehondo kune Soviet Union, hurumende yeBulgaria yakaramba uye haina kuita zvekuita zvehondo. Kunyangwe apo munaSeptember 1944 Stalin akazivisa hondo pamusoro pavo, izvi hazvina kukanganisa kushanda kwakasimba pane chikamu cheuto reBulgaria, iro panguva iyoyo raiva nehafu yevanhu vane mamiriyoni. Izvo zvinopesana nechisimba zvekupikisa, zvakarongedzwa nePatriotic Front, izvo zvakatanga pakutanga kweSeptember, zvakagumisa kutonga kwehurumende yehurumende yeGermany, zvichibva pamagumisiro ayo ayo masimba matsva akazivisa Bulgaria kuti ijoane neHitler-coalition.

Urongwa hwemamerica muBulgaria hwakaguma kuvapo musi waSeptember 8, 1946. Akanyarara uye akanetseka akaenderera mberi kune hurumende, iyo iyo yakawanda yevanhu yakavhota panguva yekuburitsa.