Iko shogunate ihurumende ye absolutist muJapan. Tokugawa Shogunate

Iyo shogunate imwe yezvakakosha nguva munhoroondo yeJapan yeMiddle Ages neNew Times. Muchipiri chemireniyamu, pane shoguns dzakawanda muJapan, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chakakonzera kuumbwa kweNyika yezvino yeRising Sun.

Zvinokonzera uye zvikonzero zvemweya zveMinamoto Shogunate

Sezvaunoziva, kuchinja kunenyota neruzhinji umo rusina kugadzikana. Mumakumi emakore apfuura ekutonga kwaMambo, chimiro chikuru chezviitiko zvezvematongerwe enyika munyika yacho chaive chekuparadzanisa. Kushaikwa kwekutanga, kubatana kwakaita kuti pave nemigumisiro yakaoma yezvemari uye nguva dzose mauto ehondo, izvo zvakangoita kuti Japan isati yakasimba. Zvikonzero zvakakosha zvekuchinja mune zvematongerwo enyika ndezvekuti:

• Feudal kuparadzana;
• Kushaya kwehukama hwakasimba hwehupfumi pakati pematunhu;
• Kuneta simba ramambo.

Shogunate yekutanga yaivepo kubva muna 1192 kusvika muna 1335. Kuchinja muhupenyu hwenyika nekuwedzera simba rekudzidzisa kweZen Buddhism. Dzidziso idzi zvishoma nezvishoma dzakapararira pakati pezvikwata zvehondo. Iko kusanganiswa kwechitendero chezvechiuto uye simba rechiuto revaSamamura rakatungamirira kunzwisisiro nematenduru aya aifanira kutonga nyika. Samurai akaita zvakakosha pakubudirira kweJapan.

I shogunate inguva yekuchinja kukuru muJapan

Kusvikira kutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemana, ruzivo rwekufambira mberi kwenyika rwakaramba rwakadzika. Izvi zvakaramba zvichienderera mberi kunyange dai pakange pasina kuchinja mune kufunga kwevamwe vamiririri veuto rehondo-vafudzi vezvematongerwo enyika avo vakasvika pakusimba pakupera kwezana remakore rechi12.

Ndezvipi kuchinja kwakaitika mushure mokuuya kwe shoguns? Cherechedza kuti hupenyu hauna kubudirira pakarepo, nokuti haisi nyore. Panguva iyoyo, sazvino, zvakawanda zvaienderana nebasa rekutengeserana. Mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvitsuwa zvakawanda uye nzvimbo duku, nzvimbo yekutengeserana inobudirira inogona kungova nemakambani akavakwa. Kubudirira kunonyanya kukosha kwe shoguns kwaive kukurudzirwa kwemaguta ekufambisa, kuwedzerwa kwezvikepe zvevatengesi. Somuenzaniso, muzana remakore rechigumi nerimwe makanga mune maguta makumi mana kana makumi mana chete, uye kare muzana remakore rechi16 nhamba yemaguta yakasvika 300.

Nguva ye shogunate ndeyekupenya kwemhizha. Sezvaunoziva, mukati meEurope kune mabhizimisi ezvokudya. Masters avo vakapinda muchitoro vanogona kubudirira. Saka pano masangano evanhu vanogadzira zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuumba. Izvo zvibvumirano zvakafanana zvakaumbwa pakati pevamiriri vekutengeserana. Zviri pachena kuti zvinonyanya kuvimbika kushanda pamwe chete nevamwe, naizvozvo mhedzisiro kubva pakuumbwa kweyunivhesiti yakadaro yakanga yakajeka.

Kubudirira kusingagumi kwekanguva ye shogunate yokutanga kwaiva kukurira kusabatana kwevanhu. Mhando yakakura yenyika muhurumende yakava samurai zvishoma, zvipi zvavakagamuchira zvekuita basa rechiuto.

Zvikonzero zvekusimudzirwa kwe shogunate muzana remakore re XVII

Iko Tokugawa shogunate ndechekuita sangano reJapan revanhu kune zviitiko zvakaitika muhurumende pakati nepakati chechipiri chezana remakore rechi16. Kuuya kwechipiri kwemaSamamura kune simba kwakanga kune zvikonzero zvaro zvine musoro:

• Kuenderera mberi kwekusawirirana kwevanhu;
• Kuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika;
• Kubudirira kwezvikepe zveEurope uye kukurumidza kuwedzera kwekutengeserana nePortugal nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope.

Nyaya inonyanya kukosha uye inorwadza yevana vaSamamura yakanga iri maitiro evamwe vatorwa (veEurope) vakazobatana nezana remakore emakore revanhu, avo vakamboramba vaine shamwari dzepedyo netsika-seChina neKorea. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vanodavira kuti kuisa hutano neEurope kwave kushandiswa kunonzwisisika kusimbisa kurwisana kwekusikwa kwenyika yakasimba yakasimba.

Japan muzana remakore XVII-XIX

Nguva ye shogunate uku kuratidzwa kwe absolutism muJapan. Zvechokwadi, usakanganwa pamusoro pekuvapo kweumambo hweumambo, asi simba revanhu ava raive rakawanda mune zvemweya kupfuura zvenyika. Ihurumende ye shogunate yakagadzira nyika "yakavharwa". Zvikepe zveJapan zvakarambidzwa kupinda muEurope ngarava. Kana kamwe kamwe ngarava yakapinda muchiteshi, vashandi vayo vaifanira kuurayiwa. Izvi zvakasara zvakagara makore makumi maviri nemashanu, kusvika pakati pezana remakore re XIX.

Kana tichitaura muchidimbu pamusoro peTokugawa shogunate, iyi ndiyo nguva yekumanikidzirwa kwevanhu vemunyika. Yakarongeka, kwakanga kusina corvee muhurumende, asi nyika dzakawanda dzakasara dzakanga dzichiri dzemadzishe makuru enyika. Mitero yakasiyana-siyana, mari kubva kuvashambadziri, iyo yakatangwa zvakarongeka, inofanirwa inenge 60% yekukohwa.

Estate system

Izvo shogunate ihurumende yenyika iyo yaifanirwa kuchengetedza tsika yekare yekare. Muhurumende, kirasi yakatanga kuiswa. Vagari vakapatsanurwa kuva mapoka mana: varimi, vashandi, samurai, vatengesi. Chinangwa chikuru chekuparadzanisa uku: kuchengetedzwa kwemauto evanhu panguva iyoyo, apo simba re shogun uye nzvimbo ine ropafadzo yemamamurai inofanira kunge isingatenderwi.

Mutengesi wevatengesi aifungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yakaderera nzvimbo, asi yakanga iri kubudirira zvikuru kupfuura peasantry uye vanogadzira. Maguta akaenderera mberi kukura. Panguva ino muJapan pakanga pane mazana emadhora mazana matatu nemadhorobha. Nheyo dzemuguta rekuvandudza kwaive kushingaira kwekutengeserana pakati pezvitsuwa uye nedzimwe nyika dzakapoteredza (China, Korea), uyewo nhamba yakawanda yezvikwata zvekugadzira.