Kemikari zvinhu zvewaini

Derivatives of hydrocarbons pamwe chete kana imwe yemaatomu ehydrojeni mu molecule inotsiviwa ne -OH (hydroxyl group kana hydroxy group) inodhaka. Iyo makemikari yakagadziriswa neyakagadzirwa ne hydrocarbon radical uye boka re hydroxyl. Dorosi inogadzira nhengo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobvumirana, mukati maro mumiriri wega wega anotevera akasiyana kubva kune imwe nguva yapfuura kuburikidza nemusiyano we homologous unoenderana ne = CH2. Zvinhu zvose zvekirasi ino inogona kumiririrwa neshoko: R-OH. Nekusara-atomu kugadzirisa zvinokonzerwa, inowanzo yemakemikari yakakura ine maitiro CnH2n + 1OH. Maererano nehurumende yepasi pose, mazita anogona kuumbwa kubva kune hydrocarbon nekuwedzera kwekupedzisira -ol (methanol, ethanol, propanol nezvimwewo).

Iyi iyi yakasiyana chaizvo uye yakawanda yekemikari yakakonzerwa. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwema--OH mumamolekoro, iyo yakakamurwa kuva-single-, two-triatomic uye so on-polyatomic compounds. Mikemikari inodhaka yewaini inobvawo kune zvinyorwa zvehydroxy mapoka mu molecule. Izvo zvinhu hazvina zvematongerwe enyika uye hazvibvumiri muIons mumvura, zvakadai semasimba ane simba kana nheyo dzakasimba. Zvisinei, zvinogona kunge zvisingaratidzi pachena sechidimbu (dzinoderera nekuwedzera kwema molecular weight uye branching yekodhacarbon yeketheni mumutsara wewaini), uye zvinyorwa (zvinokura pamwe nekuwedzera kwema molecular weight uye branching ye molecule).

Mikemikari yemhando dzewaini inoshandiswa nemhando uye mamiriro ekugadzirisa maatomu: mamolekoro ane unhu hwemaketani uye unhu hwemamiriro ezvinhu. Zvichienderana nehuwandu huwandu hwezvisungo zvisingaiti zve carbon atom (zvakabatanidzwa kune hydroxy group) pamwe nemamwe maatomu ekaromu (ane 1, 2 kana 3), primary (inowanzo), yechipiri kana yepamusoro yewaini inoratidzika. Mukutanga alcohols, boka rehydroxyl rinosungirirwa kune chekutanga carbon atom. Muchikoro chepamusoro uye chepamusoro - kusvika kuchikoro chepamusoro uye chepamusoro, zvichienderana. Kutanga ne propanol, isomers inoonekwa iyo yakasiyana munzvimbo ye hydroxyl: propyl alcohol C3H7-OH uye isopropyl alcohol CH3- (CHOH) -CH3.

Pane humwe hutano hunoita hunoita kuti makemikari anonzi alcohols:

1. Paanoita nesimbi yealkali kana kuti hydroxide yavo (deprotonation reaction), alcoholates inoumbwa (iyo atomu yeHidrogen inotsiviwa neatomu yesimbi), methylates, ethylates, propylates inowanikwa zvichienderana neyodhycarcarbon radical, nezvimwe zvakadaro, somuenzaniso, propylate sodium: 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 ↑.
2. Paanoita ne concentrated hydrohalic acid, halogen zvigadzirwa zvehydrocarboni zvinoumbwa: HBr + CH3CH2OH ↔CH3CH2Br + H2O. Izvi zvinodzokorora. Somugumisiro, nucleopic substitution ye hydroxyl boka ne halogen ion inoitika.
3. Alorohols inogona kusanganiswa ne carbon dioxide, to aldehydes kana ketone. Dorosi dzinopisa pamberi pe okisijeni: 3O2 + C2H5OH → 2CO2 + 3H2O. Pasi pemabasa e-strong oxidizing agent (chromic acid, potassium permanganate , nezvimwewo), zvinodhaka zvinodhaka zvinoshandurwa kuva aldehydes: C2H5OH → CH3COH + H2O, uye sekondari kune ketone: CH3- (CHOH) -CH3 → CH3- (CHO) -CH3 + H2O.
4. Kupera kwemhepo kunowedzera nekupisa kunotarisa kwemahydrating zvinhu (zinc chloride, sulfuric acid nekudaro). Somugumisiro, zvikwangwani zvinoumbwa: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
5. Izvozvo zvinowanzoitika apo inopisa muhupo hwemahydrating michina, asi, kusiyana nemafambiro apfuura, pakushambidzika kwepasi uye nekuumbwa kwe ethers: 2C2H5OH → C2H5-O-C2H5O. Ne sulfuric acid, zvinopinda zvinowanikwa mumatanho maviri. Chokutanga, sulfuric acid ether inoumbwa: C2H5OH + H2SO4 → C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O, zvino kana inopisa kusvika 140 ° C uye kudarika doro, diethyl ether (inowanzonzi sulfuric ether) inoumbwa: C2H5OH + C2H5O-SO2OH → C2H5-O-C2H5O + H2SO4 .

Iyo makemikari yemafuta ekunyanyisa, zvichienzaniswa nemamiriro avo epanyama, anoenderana nehuwandu hwehydrocarbon radical iyo inoumba mamolekari, uye, hongu, iyo yakawanda yemashikroxyl mairi mairi. Somuenzaniso, ethylene glycol CH3OH-CH3OH (inopisa 197 ° C), iyo inonzi 2-atomu doro, inenge isina mvura isina mavara (inonaka) inosanganiswa neH2O, pamwe newaini yakaderera mune chero ipi zvayo. Ethylene glycol, kufanana neanorogosite yakakwirira, kupinda mune zvose zvinoshandiswa zvinonzi monohydric alcohols. Glycerin CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (inoputika 290 ° C) ndiyo mumiririri ari nyore pane 3 atomic alcohols. Iyo yakaoma, inotapira-ku-inonaka mvura inorema kudarika mvura, asi inosanganiswa nayo iyo chero ipi zvayo. Iyo inoputika mune doro. Kune glycerol uye maitiro ayo, zvose zvinoitika zve monohydric alcohols zvinosanganisirawo.

Mikemikari inodhaka yewaini inosarudza nzira dzekushanda kwavo. Iyo inoshandiswa sehuni (bioethanol kana biobutanol nevamwe), semagetsi mumakambani akasiyana-siyana; Sezvakagadzirwa zvekushambadzira kwevafrefactants uye detergents; Nokuda kwepolymeric zvinhu. Vamwe vamiririri vekikirasi remakemikari aripo anoshandiswa zvakanyanya semafuta kana mashizha emvura, pamwe chete nekugadzirwa kwemishonga uye biologically zvakashanda zvinhu.