Kereke siyana: mifananidzo, mifananidzo, schemas, uye avo kushandiswa. Ndezvipi zvinoriumba? Knotability nokuti "dummies"

Nodes munhoroondo vanhu akazviratidza mangwanani zvikuru - mukuru anozivikanwa kwakawanwa Finland uye nhengo mukupera Stone Age. With kukura yebudiriro uye kutanga nzira wakabatanidzwa, kubva nyore kune zvakaoma, rakakamurwa mifananidzo, mhando uye kwakaita kushandiswa. Muchikwata pakukura nenhamba zvakasiyana - nokusunungura mapfundo.

Basa nodes mutsika uye chitendero

Kune rudzi rune nzira kunyorerana mabote rusununguko tiwane ehupfumi, kushandiswa muupenyu sectors vose munzanga. Pane zvave dzomunyika kuti navo kunorambidzwa. The yakakurumbira muenzaniso yokupedzisira - Ancient Rome: vapristi mutemberi Jupiter airambidzwa kuti mbatya dzinenge imwe raiva pedyo nebundu.

Marudzi mazhinji enyika kwakanga zvechitendero, nzvimbo tsvene: Chinese "mufaro fundo", chiratidzo worudzi rwaJudha muchiJudha, dzokubatanidza tambo bvudzi uye knot dzokubatanidza nendebvu maArab nevamwe.

nyaya nhoroondo

Big achapesana nyaya knitting akapa kukura dzengarava nemasaisai - kudiwa "mudziyo" yakavimbika uye mushandisi-ushamwari akasikwa muunganidzwa yose nodes matsva. Chimwe kusuduruka kukuru yakaitika muna XIX-XX emakore pamwe kukura ushanyi.

Pakazosvika nguva nechikepe chaienda akaenda mumwe chitandadzo, uye nokusunungura mapfundo inongova kubva kushandiswa - zvino muna nautical School kudzidza chete anenge 38 nokusunungura mapfundo. Zvichakadaro, vari "muBhuku Ashleya nodes", rakabudiswa muna 1944, rakarondedzera 700 zvokusarudza kuti dzokubatanidza tambo uye kufadza anozivikanwa nhamba yavo kunosvika 4000. Zvisinei, kana vashanyi akauya, zvose zvakachinja.

Kukura dzakananga mhando zvinotivaraidza (musango, kutenda kwako kushayiswe, mitambo hove) akauya kuna upenyu kukanganwa uye "kuumba" mhando itsva linkages.

Knotability akava mhando mutambo - mumwe zvinyorwa zvave vakanyorwa mu "Book of Records" Guinness muna 1977, nechokwadi chokuti American Clinton R. Bailey Sr. akasungirirwa nokusunungura mapfundo matanhatu 6,1 seconds.

Varipi nodes

Zvezvinotaurwa inosanganisira zvose zvoupenyu hwevanhu. Nodes chaizvoizvo atiperekedze kwese - nokubatsirwa wavo rakasungirwa uta pamusoro shangu, heti, matayi, akaita dressings, achibatsirwa dzavo kuchengeta dzinovaraidza ari leash uye mvere vhudzi. Marine zvidzidzo zviri kosi dzengarava achiri.

In migodhi, mvura zvemitambo, kutenda kwako kushayiswe uye kukwira makomo nokusunungura mapfundo pamatanho ose. Ivo - chikamu hove, kuvhima, kusika zvemaoresa uye zvipfeko. Panguva iyoyowo, basa nechimwe zvinoda yayo mhando nodes.

Mhando zvishwe uye kubatana

Knotability vakaraira anoteerera mitemo topology - hwaro chero zvikuru kunzwisisa ungano nyore fundo. Kubva ichi anouya kupatsanura rokutanga - nemarunda vari nyore (zvinokosha) uye kunzwisisa.

Chero raiva pedyo nebundu inogona kupatsanurwa pane mubatanidzwa nezvinhu zviviri - nokusika curved zvitarisiko tambo (kuvaka), uye mamwe inotungamirwa panguva marwadzo curved (dzichiumbwa).

Kudzvinya zvinoisa compression, deformation yacho tambo iri nzvimbo adhesion. Somugumisiro - netambo knot simba kudzika panguva yokumbozorora pane pasina izvozvo. Izvi zvinotisvitsa imwe nzira kupatsanura - maererano mwero rakavimbika.

"Practical" uye decoration

Inogona voga uye mumwe mukuru kupatsanura - kupatsanurwa of mhando dzichipfekeka dzakabatana. Nemamwe mashoko, nodes akakamurwa kushandiswa chero basa uye kushongedzwa.

Recent wakakwana chanaka zvipo, maruva, yakashongedzwa kushongedzwa zvipfeko, zvishongo zvisikwa. Pakati pavo rinokosha nzvimbo mizuhiki: ivo vanogona kushandiswa pave mabasa ounyanzvi maumbirwo zvose uye zvinangwa - kubva zvishongo muchimiro kungozvifunga uye Cranes, mupfumi uye zvishongo zvishwe zvipfeko.

Pane dzimwe classifications - maererano chokwadi kuti chii runosunganidza kuenda nezvimwewo ..

Kupatsanura vezvikwata, mhando

Kazhinji, mhando ava kure nodes:

• nokuti tichisunga tambo pamwechete;
• dzokubatanidza mukaro rutsigiro;
• loop;
• upiyona hwebetsero (hwokutsigira, weighting, chengetedzo tambo loop Coils, etc ...);
• Necktie;
• decoration.

Aimbova, akavapindurawo, unogona kukamurwa: nodes nokuti tichisunga tambo zvakafanana dhayamita, zvakasiyana dhayamita, vachimhanya (nokuti tikaisa chokuedza pamwechete zvipenga chete tambo), kondakita uye chinokosha.

Zvisinei, ichi, mhinduro yomubvunzo, ndedzipi hurongwa haisi shoma. chaiwo dzakabatana Its ikoko kukwira makomo uye hove, kusanganisira decoration uye pane zvakasiyana siyana yeimwe hombe.

Three zvikuru Marine nzvimbo

Kutaura zvazviri, pane vazhinji "pemvura" nzvimbo, Mhando zvakanga zvakakodzera uye nevakawanda mumazuva pangarava, asi vakafirwa kushanda kwavo munguva yedu. A wakanaka uwandu nemarunda havachasungirwi kushandiswa, asi kune zvitatu zvinokosha, dzinoshandiswa anenge kwese, chero nguva. Uyu "bowline", "clove" uye "masere".

"Bowline" hondo, uyo ane bowline, anozivikanwawo sokuti "mambo nokusunungura mapfundo" - haina mazhinji kunyange pasi simba tatamuka, nyore kuti aenderane, chiine, asiri pitikoti, asingadi kuparadza waya pachayo haina kunonoka uye nyore dzakasunungurwa. Izvi - mambo chaiye, ane zvakafanira hwakanaka zvose uye vasina anongoda hapana zvaunokanganisa. raiva pedyo nebundu iri kushandiswa sezvo inishuwarenzi kana achikwira pamukwidza kana downhill pamusoro parutivi, uye ari zvakare akakodzera zvokubatanidza tambo mbiri zvakaenzana kana siyana diameters uye zvinhu.

"Clove" ungano zviri nyore chaizvo kuti achabatanidza tambo chechetere hukawanika, akadai danda rechikepe kana pgg. Kwazvinoita muenzaniso wakakwana nodes, Mhando iyo inogona kushandiswa zvakanaka pasina kutya matambudziko vane zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope kana samorazvyazyvaniem. The zita anowana kubva chokwadi kuti kare makamuisa vakomana ratlin (zvikamu tarred tambo kushandiswa kusimudza pamusoro pedanda rechikepe). Panzvimbo iyi pane drawback - zviri hwakavimbika chete pasi rusingaperi makakatanwa. Nepagungwa mabhizimisi rinoshandiswa nokuda fenders, dzokubatanidza zvikepe kuti dutu.

"Masere" - the nokukiya gungano pane embodiments mamwe gumi neshanu yakaoma. Zvinonzi sechinhu chaiwo, uye ayo zvinobatsira zvikuru kuti kunyange ane simba vaise haana Anotadzira tambo uye nyore dzakasunungurwa. Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, ndiyo nzira yakanaka fastening tambo bhaketi mubato kuti mwana wacho Sled, hungiso kuna Colca violins, mandolins, guitars uye zvakafanana.

Uyezve, marudzi nokusunungura mapfundo anogona rakakamurwa ebetsero unobatanidza tambo pamwe nemumwe uye asunga kuti waya rutsigiro.

Basic zvinoriumba ari kukwira makomo

The mitambo gomo anoshandisa yakafanana marudzi matings. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vavo vakauya kubva kugungwa uye inozivikanwa kwemakore akawanda, uye vane dzavo "pachavo", akagadzira uye yakagadzirwa revashanyi vatambi vari nyanzvi. The kukwira vangazivikanwa 17 makuru maberekero:

• Line (kubatanidza netambo netambo akaenzana. Iva nechokwadi kuti kushandisa kuzvidzora dzakabatana. Under mutoro, kunonoka kwazvo, "kukambaira").
• Muzambiringa (kubva muchikwata raiva pedyo nebundu mhando iyo inoshandiswa tichisunga tambo chete uye diameters yakasiyana).
• Bramshkotovy (anoshumira kusunga zvakasiyana dhayamita netambo. To zvinodikanwa nekurukirwa kudzorwa nodes).
• Explorer (Chikumbiro - fastening tambo chinhu nyore kuti varibatanidze pamusoro chero chidimbu kubva waya kunonoka kwazvo pasi mutoro uye "zvinokambaira" ..).
• Masere muitisi (kwete kusungirira fundo "zvinokambaira" uye kwete kunonoka zvikuru pasi mutoro. Rinoshandiswa kunodiwa rakavimbika loop).
• "Rabbit nzeve" (zvezvinotaurwa -. Pose uchida yakanaka hwakasimba loop haasi "kambaira", kunonoka zvikuru pasi mutoro).
• Bowline (rinoshandiswa kuti achabatanidza tambo mezvindori kunhivi kugadzira rutsigiro. Izvi zvakanaka, nyore uye hwakavimbika neungano, iyo zvakasimba asina akasungirirwa pasi mutoro, asi "zvinokambaira" kana mutoro shanduka).
• Loop Garda (rinoshandiswa kuti inishuwarenzi, kudhonza tambo uye akaputsa. Anoshanda zvakanaka munhu akatakura waya, dzakakodzera kushandiswa munzvimbo yayo state).
• Prusik raiva pedyo nebundu (kushandiswa lanyard Hazvina vakaramba nechando tambo uye nezvakaipa - .. A zvakaoma gungano iri zvinokambaira pachena uye akasungirirwa ane mutoro, ayo kubviswa pashure Reset pasina dambudziko).
• Clove ( "edza." Zvakanaka fastening tambo chero nhamba zvitsigiso, zvakadai semiti. Under mutoro havana kunonoka uye zviri zvikuru zvakavimbika rusingaperi).
• YeAustria kubata chikwata (nokuti tensioning tambo kana kuyambuka sangano. Available runoita akasungirirwa pasi mutoro uye unodzokera yepakutanga nzvimbo yayo pashure kubviswa. Mumwe chakavimbika kupfuura nodes. Types kudaro zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope enyika batira nemarunda dzakakurumbira chaizvo pakati vengarava, pakati speleologists).
• Samorazvyazyvayuschiysya (raiva pedyo nebundu iri mudumbu kubva makirisito tambo urefu uye rinoshandiswa kudzivisa vanhuwo kuyambuka kuchibudisa kuyengerera. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa decoupled kunyange pasi kumusoro mutoro uye zvakakwana hwakavimbika. Kushandisa the reef fundo kana pfuti).
• tambo chokuguma (nyore chaizvo uye zvakakunakira nzira kuchengeta tambo kuitira. knits pamusoro chero skein tambo, Ribbon, chiredzo, uye zvichingodaro. d.).
• Akakiya ISS (nzira nokutongwa pamusoro bundling inishuwarenzi. Kune akawanda mikana).
• Kuzvidzora - zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope, matsi, Carbines (dzinokosha dzakabatana chero munda chokuita kushandisa tambo pasina kuzvidzora mari imwe chete asingagari yakabatana vanoda nodes basa ravo - .. kudzivisa kwatangwa kuchibudisa ungano huru kushandisa kuzvidzora zvakakodzera nevamwe nodes vari .. kwose, vari kushandiswa kana paine mubvunzo kuti rakavimbika musimboti, kunyanya kana iri yakasungirirwa nyoro, itedze, nechando, madhaka uye m. p. tambo).

Kuurongwa muna kutenda kwako kushayiswe

Mhando tambo nokusunungura mapfundo vakashandisa speleotourists, zvikuru zvakafanana "kukwira makomo", kunyange zvichienderana muchikwata uye mukuru wechikoro akasiyana nzira kuberekesana inganzi. Zvisinei, kuchava kukanganisa kudana pakati inokosha, zvakakodzera chaizvo kuti adzidze vose vaya vanoda kuita kutenda kwako kushayiswe, zvinotevera: zvakananga, bowline, "masere" (kuvhara, mbiri uye pakaunda), pfumbamwe yeAustria chevaimbi.

Vose kaviri "masere" - anenge zvikuru wakashandiswa kutenda kwako kushayiswe upenyu. Kana zvakanaka kuumbwa, zvakanaka dzakasunungurwa pashure muviri. Kushandiswa pamusoro naVaMnangagwa, uye kunyange munzvimbo zhinji.

kururamiswa

Direct raiva pedyo nebundu, aizivikanwawo Hercules, inoumbwa maviri Semi-pakapfava sequentially rakasungirwa mumwe kupfuura vamwe kwakasiyana-siyana. Ichi kubatana nzira ndiyo chete akakodzera chete dhayamita mabote - zvimwe dzakaonda gobvu misodzi pasi mutoro. Kana tambo kana waya iri akatakura, loop ichi asingatani samorazvyazyvaniyu.

Ndizvo kana tambo inowana nyoro - raiva pedyo nebundu anogona kukambaira. Shandisa zvakakodzera, pamwe chete nokuzvidzora. Chakaita zvokugadzirwa namabote wokusavimbika, asi kana ikashandiswa zvakanaka, anokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvizhinji uye nyore kusunungura.

Rizivikanwe zvakafanana asi vasingavimbiki kusarudza: Teschin uye granny fundo. Zvinonzi zvakare nezvenzvimbo Admiralty vakarondedzera zvakananga uye zvomusejari dzakabatana.

"Vasere"

Mumwe nyore nokukiya edunhu, ane zvakawanda zvazvisingarambiki zvakwakanakira: zviri nyore kuti wakabatanidzwa kuti anotarisa rakanaka, vakazvimirira kunonoka, kwete zvakare kukuvadzisa tambo. Kushandisa mutoro zvinoenderana havaratidzi, sezvo iyi, kunonoka zvikuru uye somugumisiro zvakaoma kusunungura.

"Masere", sezvo the reef fundo, kubvira kare. Pane kufanana loop pamusoro payo chete zita, iro rinoshandiswa Mountaineering kunyanya hwokuchengetedza carabiner iri huru tambo.

Ndezvipi kwakavakirwa "masere" dzakabatana? Kazhinji, rinoshanda se ive chinhu zvakawanda zvisungo dzakawanda kunzwisisa Somuenzaniso, imwe pakaunda uye miviri "masere".