Kestler Artur: Biography uye mabasa

Muna September 1905 muguta guru Hungary, Budapest, akaberekwa Kestler Artur, munyori ramangwana, mumwe kufarira kuti vaitsoropodza Soviet, mumwe akapona Adventures uye akahwina zvichaguma.

mhuri

Baba munyori Henrik Koestler ndewedzinza vatama vachibva Russia, muzvinabhizimisi aibudirira, asi ndoda kubudirira mutsvakurudzi. Iye tega uye rinoparadzirwa vakatengesa sipo anonzi hunorapa, yaiva yakazara radioactive zvinhu. Pashure pokubatwa kurwadziswa akafa muna 1937 kubva kenza. mwanakomana wake, Kestler Artur, zvichida, sipo iyi rinoshandiswawo, asi vakasvimha, nokuti akararama kwenguva yakareba, pasinei nematambudziko uye hondo, asi akafa neleukemia.

mai emunyori vaibva kumhuri yeAustria bourgeoisie varombo asi anozvikudza. Zvakaoma kuitika kuburikidza kurega kunotanga muBudapest, ichi choumambo backwater. Zvichida panguva kuomerera mhuri yake muna 1918 akatamira Vienna, apo murume wake zvokutengeserana akaramba. VaNazi pavakauya simba, uye murume wake akafa, iye akasiiwa tanetseka chaizvo kuti kondinendi achirwara-fated uye vakatamira kuEngland. Zviri kwaari uye Kestler Artur "utachiona" rudo norudzi urwu chitsuwa.

nyanduri wechidiki

Achiri kudzidza pachikoro Hungarian, mukomana akava kuziva uye akangwara, kuwana chipo mukuru nesayenzi. Unoda akanyora nhetembo kubva pazera. Sezvo chikoro akanga Hungarian, nokurasikirwa kwake yokumusha rworuboshwe uye neMuse.

zvinakire mhuri muna 1922 pachena haana kuvhenekera, asi namanomwe Kestler Artur akakwanisa kupinda Vienna zvekushandisa chikoro, akapa dzidzo yepamusorosoro, sezvo akanga yunivhesiti mamiriro. Muzvidzidzo ake, iye zvikabatanidzwa vaviri nyaya nedambudziko: masvomhu uye zvepfungwa. Uye, chokwadi, akaenda kunyora, kunyange asiri senhetembo. Makore mana gare gare, jaya pakuzivikanwa Europe yose somunhu wenhau.

nzendo

Kubvira muna 1926, gore Arthur Koestler, ane Biography iri kutumirwa kashoma angaenzaniswa jogirafi dzaro Tours farira vafambi sezvo kwokubudisa Ulshtayna dzomupepanhau akashanyira zhinji Eastern nyika Middle, akashanda Germany, Austria, Spain uye France. nyaya yake vose kwete ichifarirwa kuverengwa - vakanga vakamirira, vakatsvaka, vakanga vapesana.

nokukurumidza vaduku mbiri Koestler akapiwa idzva "Unhu" - akava nomukurumbira. Akabudirira mune essays ake, mishumo, uye kunyange duku correspondences kuratidza muverengi inokosha uye anonakidza zvikuru. ndiro shoko, Chokwadi, pakutanga aiva virtuoso. Kuna North Pole muna 1931 akakokwa kubhururuka imwe wenhau chete. Yaiva Arthur Koestler, ane mabhuku ipapo retell yakawanda noruzivo, vakamhanyira akakurumbira German airship anonzi "Graf Zeppelin".

bvunzo

Nekunhonga mashoko basa rake muna Spain, vanombonzwa yevagari vemo, Koestler yakatorwa mu Malaga Franco uye akatongerwa rufu nokuda vasori. Five refu mwedzi akamirira ose zuva, akagara mujeri, kana vachiswedera kwaari uye kuchaita kuti rufu. Vanenge hafu gore akamirira vanhu vaisazopa kumira. Mirira rufu rwake, achiteerera makwara mukoridho - uye pano zvakare?

Zvichakadai, dzakawanda akapupura, vamiriri vatorwa vakaita zvose zvavaikwanisa kuti kuwana kusunungurwa yakakurumbira wenhau. Very womurume anosimbirira akava Kestler Artur. Photos makore iwayo pachena anoratidza izvi. Pakupedzisira, mukadzi emunyori akanga vakatsinhanisa nokuda Franco uto mutyairi wendege.

zvitendwa

Vakawanda vanhu zvakangwara kubva kunyika dzakasiyana mune thirties remakore rapfuura vaitarisira abudirire kuedza Soviet, nekuti chakabatsira pane kufora kukunda kwakaita Fascism mu Europe. Arthur Koestler wevashumiri yeutongi Party muna 1931, pakati gumi akanga kwerinenge gore akaenda Soviet Union, uye vazhinji vaeni Central Asia pamberi. mabhuku ake yapfuura, uyewo enyika enganonyorwa zvakajeka zvinoratidza nguva iyi youpenyu hwake.

Mukupera thirties remakore rapfuura Koestler razochatovalsya munyika utongi uye vakasiya bato paakangoziva vakadzidza nezve paitongwa Bukharin, naye akanga kuzivana, uye kwaisanganisira ushamwari. The yokufungidzira, izvo vakazvipira zviitiko izvi Arthur Koestler - "Rima masikati" pakutanga aipfeka zita zvakasiyana. Writer akaziva kwokucheneswa 1937-1938-ies somunhu pakaunda-echimurenga degeneration munyika yeSoviet. Muna 1940 akabudisa yokufungidzira yake itsva Arthur Koestler. "Rima masikati" muLondon, yakabudiswa rokuti "Rima masikati" - mushandurudzo Chirungu kubva German, uye chepakutanga ikavharwa panguva kutsvaka uye zvachose akarasika. In kumavirira, takasangana yokufungidzira Anti-Soviet, tsitsi zvikuru, kunyange yakawanda vanyori vakadai Orwell.

adventures

Panguva Second World War, Koestler akashumira French Foreign Legion, uye ipapo anobviswa naye Africa, apo vakabudirira apanduka. Via Lisbon nendege kuEngland, kwaakanga zvakare aipedza mwedzi nehafu mujeri. Kwete kusiya uye zvisiri pamutemo kupinda kuna UK. It akamusunungura chete akabvuma kushandira pamwe. Saka zvakare, Koestler akava rokuzvipira. Kusanganisira Minesweeper, asi chokwadi iye akashanda paredhiyo anoparadzira mashoko, akanyora mapepa nokuti varwi Wehrmacht, zvokuita pamusoro totalitarianism. Uye aifanira kuva pabasa panguva yacho kubhomba. Nokuti aiziva kutyaira motokari, iye akapiwa amburenzi.

Muna 1942, pachivako dzinoshandiswa Bazi Information, akanyora mumanyoro netumabhuku, uye wasimbisa paredhiyo BBC. Pakapera hondo, Koestler vakasarudza chinhu chikuru dzokugara kuFrance, uko chose dzinenge zvose ake unyanzvi publicist tinorwisana yeutongi hwechiKomonisiti. mwoyo wake waiva simba kuti vatadzire uye havana kupfuurira nokusingaperi. Takarongwa Anti-dzechiKomonisiti congresses, mari kutsigira rusununguko zvedzidzo, manyawi ari Berliners kumativi maviri parusvingo. Kwete pasina mabasa akanaka dzaaitarisira Fund akaita dzinounzwa mari mishonga Ivan Bunin.

rakanyorwa

Kubvira 1954, gore munyori muLondon, apo akatora British citizenship. Pamwe hurukuro pane mumayunivhesiti uye basa nesayenzi muna Steenforde idzva bhuku, mumwe dystopia. Artur Kestler "The Age kwechishuwo" akanyorawo zvakananga: vaverengi vaifanira kuzviisa wakazara kutya kuuya kuti simba Communist Party weFrance. Musi iwoyo wenyaya yakabudiswa kwokupedzisira bhuku iri gumi - ". Gwara dainoso" nyaya uye nyaya pfupi Mune mashanu remakore rapfuura Koestler kare kufunga rusununguko ungwaru mumumvuri howa gore. Zvisinei, vateereri aida kutyisidzira mukomiyunisiti ne bhomba yenyukireya panguva vakagadzirira, sokunge kukanganikwa, vane maoko vakaparadzwa paHiroshima neNagasaki.

Asi paiva "hondo chando", asi nekuti Koestler mabhuku zvikuru kwazvo kukosheswa. Muna 1967 akanga nominated nokuda Nobel Prize, uye muna 1968 akava Zonninga. Mune manonwe remakore rapfuura akauya akaunganidza mabasa dvadtsatitomnik emunyori. Britain, zvakare, akaonga mabasa Koestler - the Order of British Empire akanga paakavapa kuti munyori muna 1972, uye makore maviri gare gare akava Knight mabhuku - chekare honorary wenyaya Royal Society of Literature.

mumakore achangodarika

Munyori hwagara waitsigira kuti kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo yokuzvidira rufu (euthanasia), kunyange akava mutevedzeri purezidhendi vanhu, ivo vakarwa kuti kodzero kufa chiremera. Zvino mangwanani 1980s, akakwanisa kuratidza nemuenzaniso kuramba dzidziso. Sezvo zera akaita pacharo vainzwa hosha yeParkinson uye nokukurumidza kutanga neleukemia (Daddy sipo!), The ramangwana inofanotaura kupfuura kurwadza kutsakatika. The wechitatu March 1983 munyori Arthur Koestler wake Cynthia mukawana vakarara mapiritsi, inowirirana upenyu kwazvo.

akanga zvose ezvinhu zvavo ikazopiwa kudzidza kutenda mashura zvapambira mananara, nokuda iyo yakarongwa nokuda University of Edinburgh tsvakurudzo chikwata parapsychology Koestler Parapsychology Unit. zita The Russian emunyori Koestler pakuzivikanwa bedzi kuchinja, kunyange muna 1937, "Guard Young" rakabudiswa ake "Kurwisana kusina akuvara" - bhuku pamusoro Franco uye yechiFascist utsinye pakutanga kupanduka. Uyezve, dingindira iri vakazvitsaurira kwaari uye mumwe Anti-yechiFascist bhuku rakabudiswa muLondon - "Spanish Testament," chii vaverengi nezvokudzokera magazini "Foreign Literature" (panguva iyoyo, "International Literature"). Sezvo pakabudiswa bhuku pamusoro kutambudzwa munhu mu Russia haina kuyeuchidzwa Koestler.

nhema

Muna 1951 ndakaona kwebhuku renyaya yokufungidzira - vaimbova vaanotonga, nhamo. Artur Kestler "The Age kwechishuwo" uyewo akanyora pamusoro Soviet kutyisidzira norugare: Zvakaitwa ramangwana, France kuda kupinda eRussia vari kugadzirira kuti varove kunyora chikuru gamba iri yokufungidzira, asi nyika iri kuedza kuponesa chokuAmerica, inova munyori kuda kudanana ichi chikara embasi.

A yakawanda enganonyorwa, nyaya pfupi, uye kunyange Mitambo Koestler akanyorwa Genre ichi. Ndoda anozivikanwa nokuda essays ake nenzira kwouzivi. "Somnabuly", "Act of Creation", "The nyaya nyamukuta toads" - zvose izvi basa nzira imwe kana mumwe chokuita nemaonero ari munyori wake Anti nokukurumidza maonero. Artur Kestler "mweya iri muchina" (kana "Ghost iri Machine") Uyewo pavakatambudzwa Genre yacho rondedzero. Aiva mumwe vatsigiri vakakurumbira zvikuru pfungwa Ashkenazi vaJudha, vakanga zvichipomerwa haana kuuya kubva kuParestina, asi kubva Turkic Khazars kubva Volga Delta. Uyewo, aifarira nedanho mafungiro nesayenzi. Izvi zvikuru dzinonakidza zvichiratidza, pamwe nevamwe uye akazadza anenge ose dzakawanda rondedzero munyori.

"Anatomy kuti snobbery"

Arthur Koestler ari kuongorora chakakomba akatanga shure kwenguva pakuongorora tsika, utera evasingatombonamati Chirungu. Munyori akanyora pamusoro zvose zvaakaona nokuenzanisa, nokusetsa, kunyange haisi kuzochinja, asi nekusiyana - chichiwedzera akaratidza zviratidzo chirwere yebudiriro zvarwo, uye Chirungu nzanga chaizvoizvo, misha tsika nemagariro tsika, youzivi maturo. "Anatomy pamusoro snobbery", pasinei kabhuku kacho, kwindi chaizvo, zvikuru mabhuku basa rinoitwa.

The Khazars

"Namatatu rudzi" Arthur Koestler anonyora zvakare pamusoro Khazars, kubva ake nemaonero - vechiJudha. Pasinei chokwadi kuti bhuku iri chaizvo voluminous, zvakare wakafara wenyaya haisi zvakazara akafukidzwa. Chikamu chokutanga rinotsanangura mamiriro Khazars yakadaro, uye yechipiri hunodzorwa uchapupu chivimbiso ichi. Uyewo, maererano munyori, nyika dzose European vatora chete vaJudha Khazar mavambo. Ndakaverenga bhuku iri nyore chaizvo, pasinei nokuti vakawanda nhoroondo magwaro uye risingamboshandisi kuziva vaverengi chero pamwero pamusoro Khazars pachavo.

Pretty inonakidza kuwana ruzivo rutsva, kuwedzera miganhu mashoko dzave vakawana kare (Khazar Khanate uye hondo them Muromtsa - pano, zvichida, uye zvose usati kuverenga bhuku iri rakanga panyaya anozivikanwa). Zvisinei, ndinoda kuona chinokosha yokusvika kuna mishumo yomutero ino, hondo, basa mamiriro uye nevamwe vakawanda. Asi zviri kunonoka kuunza yemunyori kupomera. Popular mabhuku nesayenzi, mumwe Genre kusanganisira chigadzirwa, kukatsungirirwa.

hanya nhoroondo

Chero zvazvingava, mhinduro Koestler Anti-Semitism haasi pachena, ari iyewo originelen. With kuwa Khazars Khanate vapoteri vakamhanyira muEurope sezvazvakaita nhasi, vanotama kubva Middle East. The chikuru chinoumba the Khazars vaizviti chiJudha uye wakava mugumisiro anoverengeka namafungu kutama kwakadaro. Ethnically haizi Semites, saka, Anti-Semitism riri untenable ari kuitika, anoti Koestler.

On mumapeji "namatatu yorudzi" kumhanya muMagwaro vamutangira zhinji, kudzidza kana kungoti chokuita kuti mubvunzo: ndiye Byzantine zvinyorwa, chaiyo vafambi Arab, "ngano zvekare Years", mabasa Toynbee, Artamonov, Vernadsky, uye kakawanda vamwe zvakaenzana vanozivikanwa dzakaitika. Zvisinei, zvakasiyana uye anoona paumbwe, uye kuwa mamiriro ari Khazars Arthur Koestler.

"VeGladiators"

Koestler uyewo kujairwa donos kuti muverengi chiratidzo munhu akadaro inozivikanwa munhau sezvo kumukira Spartacus. Zvinofanira akati kuti anenge makore mashanu, munyori vakadzidza uye vakaongorora zvinhu, asi zvakadaro hazvina kujeka kuti chikwata anoverengeka dhazeni sekasi vatambi kuitira kukurumidza dhayira pakuuraya hondo yose uye kugara hafu Italy. Munyori anoona chikonzero pokukundwa pokuchinja spineless Spartacus, iyo aifanira kuva anodzvinyirira, kana aida kuhwina.