Kupatsanura mapfundo dzevanhu. Kupatsanura mapfundo marongerwo

Majoini rinonzi Mobile vamapoka mapfupa siyana. A musiyano mamirire kubva vezvimwe kubatanidza siyana okunze ari marangwanda mamiriro womunhu muviri kuvapo imwe mhango izere mvura. vadyi nomumwe une anoverengeka zvikamu:

• shwashwa (hyaline kunze remubatanidzwa epanyama mandibular pfupa) pamusoro;
• Kamudzira;
• mhango;
• synovial Urume.

The vakawanda Pfungwa mapfundo dzevanhu

Pakukora shwashwa rukoko dzinosiyana mutete chaizvo, anenge 0.2 mm gobvu zvokuti - vanenge 6 mm. Musiyano uyu chinokosha iri pakutsvaga basa mutoro pamusoro pejoinhi. Mukuru kufurirwa, uye ayo mufambo, ari mukobvu hyaline pamusoro.

Kupatsanura mapfundo dzevanhu kunosanganisira kupatsanura vave akazvimirira mapoka akawanda akaratidza chiratidzo zvakafanana. Kune nehasha:

• maererano nokuwanda hukawanika - nyore, kunzwisisa, zvabatanidzwa Integrated;
• pamusoro kutenderera matemo - uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial;
• chimiro - cylindrical, trochlear, helical, ellipsoidal, condylar, saddles, idenderedzwa, flat;
• pamusoro mukana kufamba.

The dzakasiyana-siyana pamwe chete

Various shwashwa pamusoro anoshanda interconnected, kutsanangura nyore kana kunzwisisa sechivako mukomboni. Kupatsanura mapfundo (ona netafura yakaitwa) kunoita kuti tiite weboka avo nyore, kunzwisisa, mubatanidzwa, kunzwisisa.

Simple - inozivikanwa nokuvapo maviri shwashwa hukawanika, uye ivo ingangoumbwa vaviri kana kupfuura mapfupa. Somuenzaniso, repamusoro muzvidimbu majoini: phalangeal uye chiningoningo. Wokutanga wavo achiumbwa mapfupa maviri. Wechipiri - zvikuru kuoma. Imwe penyika zvemaoko muhudyu ndiyo hwaro rworudyi mapfupa vatatu proximal carpal mutsara.

Complex - kuumbwa nhatu kana kupfuura hukawanika, akaisa rimwe Kamudzira. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye zvishomanana majoini, unogona kushanda pamwe uye vachiravana. Somuenzaniso, kugokora vadyi ane vakawanda nhanhatu hukawanika. Vanoumba matatu akazvimirira remubatanidzwa mune rimwe Kamudzira.

Vamwe majoini chidziro, kuwedzera kune mukuru, auri mano, zvakadai disks kana menisci. Kupatsanura mapfundo rinotaura kwavari zvakaoma. Disks kugoverana vagari mhango muzvikamu zviviri, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe "mapuriro" kubatana. Menisci vari chimiro kirisendi. Both mano zvinopa mutsetse pedyo siyana shwashwa ari pamwe Kamudzira hama kune mumwe.

Kupatsanura mapfundo marongerwo allocates chinhu chakadai tichibatanidza. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vaviri vakaparadzana kubatana, kuva dzakazvimirira, anogona kushanda chete pamwe chete. Muenzaniso mumwe synergism kwakadaro kunogona kunzi kurudyi nekuruboshwe temporomandibular majoini.

rotatable

Joint yeimwe zvinopa hunhu, zvikuru uye trajectory pakati pfupa riri marangwanda dzevanhu zvokumanikidzira. Biomechanical kutenderera kunoitika pamusoro namasanhu kuti anogona kuva vakawanda. Pakati pavo vane kutwasuka, sagittal uye transverse. Kupatsanura mapfundo nemhaka kuzvibatanidza akawanda kwemarudzi.

• Uniaxial - vane chete akabatana kuti kutenderera. Somuenzaniso, mashoko interphalangeal majoini kubvumira flexion uye kuwedzerwa neminwe uye nemamwe masangano havasi zvinogoneka.
• Ekisero - namasanhu maviri kutenderera. Muenzaniso uri chiningoningo kumonwa.
• Triaxial - mufambo mune zvose zvinobvira ndege - mafudzi, hudyu majoini.

The zvakasiyana-siyana

Kupatsanura mapfundo pamafomu rakanyatsojeka yakakura. kubatana nerimwe riri evolutionarily kufanira, kuderedza mutoro uye kuwedzera basa simba.

• Cylindrical. It ane chete akabatana kuti kutenderera - longitudinal. Zvinofadza kuti pane cylindrical majoini ane yakamisirwa muzinda pakavakirwa hunenge rin'i (Atlanta-Sekaiichi), ndiEzekieri, sezvo ari radioulnar rwakashodoka.
• Ginglymoid - uniaxial rwakashodoka. The rokuremekedza iri zvakananga determinant kwaro mamiriro. Mumwe pamusoro ane Muzinga chimiro, iyo pamwe chete rechipiri paburi shwashwa, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe nokukiya (interphalangeal majoini).
• Zononoka. Imwe mhando ginglymoid kubatana. It ane ekisero uye ane mamwe helical zvaizopedza. Muenzaniso kugokora.

• Ellipsoid - rotates pamusoro namasanhu maviri - tote uye sagittal. Movement mu vagari ichi zvinoita flexion, uyewo, adduction uye kutapa (chiningoningo rwakashodoka).
• Condylar. Biaxial joini. Maumbirwe Its zvinoshamisa shwashwa zvakasimba convex pasi rumwe rutivi uye sandara rumwe. Pakupedzisira duku kuora mwoyo kunogona kuonekwa. Chinonyanya glaring muenzaniso - ibvi rwakashodoka. Kupatsanura pachena uye dzimwe yeimwe condylar chimiro. Somuenzaniso, temporomandibular vadyi.
• Chigaro. It chakaumbwa hukawanika maviri - convex uye concave. Akaumba joinhi anokwanisa zvinokambaira namasanhu maviri - the frontal uye sagittal. Muenzaniso mukuru aizova metacarpal-phalangeal akakura thumbs.

Chimwe chezvinhu hombe mumuviri - parutivi rwakashodoka. Kupatsanura achimuti spheroidal. It ane noruzhinji chimiro. Movement rinoitwa maererano akasiyana namasanhu matatu. Imwe siyana chinhu idenderedzwa mukombe serin'i rwakashodoka. It ane yakaderera amplitude pangava kufamba.

Kupatsanura mapfupa uye mapfundo kusiyanisa kupesana yavo dhipatimendi. Somuenzaniso, bhanhire rezasi kana okumusoro nemakumbo, dehenya, nomuzongoza. Yokupedzisira ine mapfupa diki - vertebrae. Majoini pakati pavo sandara, vakaneta asi vanokwanisa kufamba pamwe namasanhu matatu.

Articular remubatanidzwa wenyika zvenyama mapfupa uye mandibular

vagari Uyu yaisanganisa uye Integrated. Sangano kunoitika panguva imwe chete kurudyi nokuruboshwe. Inogona kuva chinhu akabatana. Izvi kunosimbiswa kubudikidza kwadzakabva repasi rushaya kuti dög uye kutaura. kwemajoini mhango iri bisected ne fibrous shwashwa dhisiki izvo spliced kuti mekamudzira aka.

Vachirwadziwa majoini?

Majoini womunhu vane chinokosha nerevane - kufamba. Kana utano, ari amplitude nezvezvakaitwa haina kuvhiringidzwa. Life pasina kunzwa marwadzo uye kusagadzikana zvakawanda zvinofadza pane navo.

Kune siyana zvirwere mapfundo. Kupatsanura runoparadzanisa vave mapoka zvakananga zviratidzo, muitiro kunzwisisa uye hunhu kuerera (chakasimba, subacute, refu). Pathologically anokudzwa:

• arthralgia (kurwadza kwemajoini wakaiswa kana akadaro hunhu);
• arthritis (kuzvimba);
• arthrosis (chinopedza kusingarapiki kuchinja);
• vachiberekwa zvirwere.

chirwere chemumajoini

A dzakawanda nezvirwere chokuita bhuku mudziyo, kukonzera vanotaura rwakashodoka ushande. Kupatsanura yemajoini allocates (zvimwe zvirwere) chirwere, non-chirwere, zvinorwadza uye anoenderana. A ndandanda kubvumirwa muna 1958 panguva Congress of Rheumatology.

Zvirwere chearthritis dzine boka guru zvirwere, pane akananga akagarisa lethality anozivikanwa mhando utachiona, zvakadai tubercle bacillus, kana evolutive. Anosimbisa kwemajoini chirwere neMunyori: Sokol-Buyo, spondylitis, Still.

Non-chirwere chearthritis ndiwo zita dystrophic. Zvaitika kazhinji, ivo etiology zvikuru siyana. Pakati zvinokonzera vave zera-ukama kuchinja, asi inokanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu (hypothermia, kunyanya mutoro), hormone uye metabolic zvinetso (gout, thyroid chirwere, hemophilia uye vamwe.).

Dzechimwe chearthritis kuva kungopotsera kunotevera, kukuvara mapfundo. Mukuwedzera, ivo angamuka nokuda mazhinji vibration.

A guru nhamba yemajoini aine vamwe zvirwere kwete chokuita zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa. Chirwere siyana psoriasis, chinonzi systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatitis - anokwanisa kuita majoini ose ari kwacho. Uyezve, hosha yemajoini chikonzero neleukemia, zvimwe zvirwere remapapu (sarcoidosis) , uye tsinga. Lead chepfu kakawanda kunokonzera chinopedza kwacho pakati mapfundo.

arthralgia

Marwadzo, chokuita nokushanda majoini anonzi arthralgia. Character ratidza wayo anogona kuva zvachero kana kwakadzika, zvachose kana pfupi, kukanganisa munhu kana akawanda yeimwe kuti shwashwa. The chirwere anowanzodanwa inokanganisa majoini kupfuura ari mumuviri womunhu: ibvi, kugokora, hudyu. Duku sei ndoda kakawanda.

Arthralgia kazhinji vanoenda nezviratidzo munyika dzakasiyana-siyana zvinotapuriranwa, kunyanya kuitika pamwe kwokupisa ezvinhu. In nechirwere nzira dzakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa kundorondedzera kubatanidzwa anamnesis. tsvakurudzo Laboratory kunosanganisira Anoverenga maplatelet muropa, uyewo mamwe nemiedzo.

arthrosis

Kupatsanura mapfundo, osteoarthritis parinouya, arege kungoitirwa zvavo kuroora kana kuchiitirwa boka. Pacharo, chirwere ichi kwakakomba zvakakwana, sezvo chokuita nokuparadzwa shwashwa. Izvi zvinotungamirira deformation mapfundo. Kunoratidzwa kuti basa rinokosha kukura yemajoini majini kubatwa anotamba - nhodzera. The ngozi chirwere ichi vari vanhu vane mabasa vari zvakananga chokuita dzose mutoro pamusoro majoini :. nevezvimwewo, vatambi, vatyairi, etc. The chikonzero kungava refu hormone zvirwere mumuviri.

Vachiberekwa malformations mapfundo

Kwokuomerwa vachiberekwa malformations pakati mapfundo iri yakaipa inobva nyoro kune zvikuru. Kusiyanisa muzvizhinji neonatal zvirwere. Idzi dzinosanganisira: arthrogryposis, pseudarthrosis mupambare, vachiberekwa dislocation ari muhudyu kana patella, hudyu dysplasia, Marfan chirwere (autosomal chirwere).

Kudzivirira zvirwere mapfundo

Mumakore achangopfuura, zvirwere zvetsandanyama nemapfupa gadziriro iri tawanazve simba zvakasimba. Kana yapfuura avhareji yezera varwere waiva makore 55, zvino ndee pa 40.

Kuti tidzivise chakakomba yematambudziko uye kurarama upenyu hurefu pasina kumisa kufamba kwavo, zvakakosha kuongorora zvinonyatsorehwa utano uye kuita nenguva chokudzivirira yokuzvigadzirisa. Zviri kudzora muviri uremu, zvokudya, achisiya tsika dzakaipa uye zvine mwero nesimba.