Mabhiriji ematombo: mifananidzo yakakurumbira. Bhujiro guru rebwe riri muMoscow

Anenge mabhiriji makumi mashanu ematombo anoshandiswa mumigwagwa yeRussian Federation. Chimwe nechimwe chavo ndechekushongedzerwa neyenderedzwa, zvishoma nezvishoma ellipsoidal, mutsara weiyo. Mabhiriji ematombo anoita chete 0.8% yezvivako zvose zviripo. Nhamba yezvivako zvakadaro makore makumi maviri apfuura apfuura zana, hafu yezana remakore yapfuura - inopfuura 150. Kunyange kana tikafungisisa mabhiriji aya ematombo ari kuendeswa kune rumwe rutivi rwe "pipe" kana kwete zvachose pane bhizinesi, hakuzovi neanopfuura 1 pa federal network, 5%.

Kupera kwezvivakwa zvakafanana ndizvo zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzenharaunda. Saka, somuenzaniso, munzvimbo yeMoscow yemakamuri mazana mana ematombo akange aripo chete 5, anenge 10 - muUrials. Inenge mabhiriji 20 anoshandiswa muSt. Petersburg uye musha weLeningrad, muMoscow nhasi kune mazamu mana chete anokwidzwa. MuNorth Caucasus, kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvakadaro kwakamira. Kunyangwe muDagestan, uko kugadzirwa kwebhiriji kwebwe kwakapiwa nzvimbo yekutanga, mumakore gumi apfuura zvivako zvitatu zvitsva zvakaonekwa. Uye izvi zvinoratidza kuti muRussia, mabhiriji ematombo anonyatsoshandiswa kushandura magetsi-concrete uye zvivako zvesimbi, uye izvi zvinoshandiswa kune nzvimbo dzakapfuma mudombo iri.

Ngatishandirei pane zvakaitika kare

Chimwe chezvivakwa zvokutanga muguta guru rakagadzirwa nematare paNiglinka River. Inobatanidza Gedhi reUtatu reKremlin Tower neKutafia Strelnik. Bhiriji rebwe reMoscow pakutanga rakanga risina zvingabatsirana nevadziki vemvura uye zvipfeko. Maererano nemunyori wenhau dzakaitika Zabelin, chivako chebwe chakavakwa muna 1367, nhasi chakayambuka nepaki - Alexander Garden.

Kutarisa guta guru reRussia

Bhiriji guru rebwe reMoscow rakavakwa kune kure ne1692. Ipapo akazonzi All-Svyatsky. Zvisinei kubva muna 1858 Bhiriji Guru dombo rinonzi ndiro yekutanga kugadzirwa kwesimbi yeMoscow. Muzana remakore rechi16, kubva kune rimwe bhanhire kuenda kune rimwe, imwe inogona kuyambuka chete ne "mararamiro" ari kutenderera. Muzana remakore rechi17, kuvakwa kwebhiriji rebwe kwakatanga, muna 1938 yakanga yatosimbiswa, asi zita rakaramba richifanana. Kuti rive rakanyatsoenderana nezita racho, rakatarisana negranite.

Iyo panorama yeKremlin, ichizarura kubva paBeat Bridge, inogona kuonekwa kumashure kwepassports yevaRussia vagari. Mukuwedzera, kereke yaKristu Muponesi, Sofia, Prechistenskaya neBersenevskaya zvinyorwa zvinotarirwa kubva kuvaka.

MuMoscow, yakavakwa uye mamwe mabhiriji ematombo ekuyambuka nzizi nemipata. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18, China-guta neKremlin zvakabatanidzwa nezvivako zviviri zvekuvaka-Spassky naNikolsky.

The Great Stone Bridge muMoscow: 1680

Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi15, panzvimbo yekuvaka kwemazuva ano kwakanga kuri kuyambuka. Muna 1643 chete, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich akapa murairo wekutanga kuvaka kwebridge rekutanga rebwe. Takarayira izvi kuna tenzi kubva kuStrasbourg - Jagun Christel. Basa rose rekuvaka pakagadzirwa kwebhiriji rebwe rakamira shure kwekufa kwemambo uye tenzi, rakapedza zvose zvisinganzwisisiki muRussia muna 1687. Akaipedza muna 1692 ndokupa zita rokuti All-Svyatsky.

Bhiriji rebwe ndiro rairema mamita 170 uye 22 muhupamhi. Raiva nemasvingo 8, avo vaida kubhururuka, nemamita gumi nemashanu. Kubva kuruboshwe rwakadii, zvaikwanisika kupinda neSuo reAll-Svyatsky, kune rumwe rutivi rwebhurogi raiva neshongwe ine kugadzirwa kwemashure maviri.

Kuchinja kubva muna 1858

Bhiriji rakakanganiswa rebwe rakabvarurwa uye muna 1858 rakatsiviwa naro rine nhatu-span metal (yekutanga kuMoscow). Muna 1938 chivako chitsva chakaonekwa panzvimbo ino, iyo injini Kalmykov, vashanduri veGelfreich, Shchuko naMinkus vakashanda. Kureba kwebhiriji ndiko mamita 487 (ane masuo). Inopa maonero akanaka eKathedral yaKristu Muponesi uye Kremlin, uye kubva pano unogona kuona chivakwa chekuvaka "The House on the Embankment", yakagadzirwa naIofan B.M.

Muchato unofamba

Bhujiro guru rebwe rinozivikanwa kune vose vagari vekare vaimbova USSR kubva kumakurukota eMoscow. Maonero epa panorama haana kuchinja uye kusvika panguva ino inoita seyakanaka kwazvo pamifananidzo iri shure kwemashure evakaroorana.

Bhulogi rinoonekwa sechiratidzo chekubatana, saka mapikicha anotorwa panzvimbo ino acharamba achikuyeuchidza nezvezvinorehwa neshoko iri. Funga pamusoro pehuwandu hwakafanana. Bhiriji. Anopesana negungwa. Mafuta maviri uye mhuri imwe.

Bhujiro duku dombo

Bhujiro duku rebwe rinoyambuka Vodootvodny Canal, riri panzvimbo yechipiri mushure mePatriatrichal channel yeguta guru. Iyi yekuvaka iri munzvimbo ye Yakimanka, kune rumwe rutivi kune Serafimovich Street, uye kune imwe - Bolshaya Polyanka.

Bhoroji duku rebwe rakazarurwa muna 1938. Yakanga yakareba mamita 64 uye yakafara mamita makumi mana. Iri harisi chivako chekutanga chakavakirwa pane ino. Pakavepo, pakange pane bhiriji, kuvaka kwakagadzirwa muna 1788. Panguva iyoyo yakanga iri matanda uye yainzi "Kozmodemyanskiy". Muna 1880 yakashandurwa nebhiriji rebwe rine zita rinowirirana.

Pamusoro pekugadzirisa kwemazuva ano kwakashanda Yakovlev naGolbrodsky, kwechinguva paivepo tami nzira.

Zvitsuwa zveSaint-Petersburg

Muna 1752, bhiriji rehuni rine imwe nzvimbo yakavakwa mhiri kwoRwizi rwaKrivushu (nhasi unozivikanwa kwatiri sechirongwa cheGriboedov). Gare gare, injinjini Naziziv yakagadzira basa idzva rokuyambuka. Panguva iyoyo ndiyo yaiva yekutanga yekuvakwa nemabwe, ndicho chikonzero vakaitumidza kuti Bridge Bridge. St. Petersburg nhasi vanogona kuzvirumbidza pamusoro pekuyambuka uku, uye hapana rework yakamboitwa. Ihwo hukuru hwebhiriji ndiyo kushandiswa kwekarimusi ruru. Vanhu vazhinji havanzwisisi pfungwa iyi, saka ngatitsanangurirei zvakajeka kuti chii. Pasi pemudonhwe we diamond kunoreva kushandiswa kwematombo anoputika nenzira yepiramidi ye tetrahedral, iyo maitiro ayo, zvichienderana nokuputika kwakanyatsojeka, kupenya kwakanyanya apo zuva rinovarova , rakafanana nemadhimoni. Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa pakuvaka, asi nhasi haisi kuonekwa. Bhujiro reMatombo (St. Petersburg) rakavakwa neine masitepiti masitepiti kumvura, ayo muzana remakore rechi19 akabviswa.

Muna 1880, nzvimbo iyi yakarongedzwa nekuda kwechinomwe kuumambo. Nhengo dzekambani "Narodnaya Volya" pasi pebhiriji yakaisa bhomba kuitira kuti vhudzire kuyambuka, apo ichapfuura nepakati pevashandi vamambo. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi zvaisati zvafanirwa kuitika, sezvo vashandi vebazi rekuchengeteka panguva yakazarura purogiramu uye mambo Alexander II akayambuka bhiriji pamberi peVanhu's Will. Muna 1881, mazamu 7 e dynamite akabviswa kubva pakagadzirwa, asi izvi zvakaitika shure kwekufa kwaMambo.

St. Petersburg - guta rebhurodhi

Petro airemekedzwa semuchengetedzi wenhoroondo yeRussia. Mune rimwe guta kune makakathedheni mazhinji, dzimba dzepamambo, matsime akanaka, makamamori makuru uye temberi.

St. Petersburg - muridzi mukuru wemarudzi ose ekudarika, zvidimbu nemigero. Muguta mune zvikwereti, mapurisa uye mabhiriji ematombo, apo vashanyi vari kufamba. Zvose zvivako zvine sarudzo yakasiyana. Yakagadzirirwa fomu inovapa imwe yakasiyana. Pane nyaya inobatanidza nekuvakwa kwebhiriji rimwe nerimwe. Icho ndicho chinotsanangura chido chevakashamisika kuti vayemire kugadzirwa kwakagadzirwa kweunyanzvi.

Zvechokwadi, mabhiriji ose eSt. Petersburg anorondedzera kusanzwisisa. Kunyange zvakadaro kunaka kwavo hakugoni kubudiswa mumashoko. Ndinoda kuona kuti mabhiriji ematombo ave zvechokwadi kuzvikudza kweguta rechipiri reRussia. Mabhiriji okutanga akaonekwa saRaundries, Hermitage, Stone neVerkhne-Lebyazhy, vachiri kugadzira guta nhasi.