Makombiyuta Soviet: muchiso unhu. kombiyuta musha

The Soviet Union yakanga vakapfuura nzira yakaoma chaizvo kubvira pakusikwa wokutanga chubhu yainetsa uye anononoka makombiyuta supercomputers - kumhanya, yakavakirwa Integrated matunhu. makombiyuta Soviet achiri wakaitwa, uye vaigona kushanda vanachiremba vari muminda siyana pamusoro maindasitiri, sayenzi, uye kwete programmers. Kudiwa iri nyore, inexpensive uye chiine makombiyuta yakabuda nepakati manonwe wekupedzisira remakore. It anodzida uye muchiuto indasitiri, uye dzimwe nzvimbo upfumi munyika dzakawanda.

Micro-kombiyuta "Electronics"

makombiyuta Soviet vaiva zvavo vamutangira. Rakatanga makombiyuta akawanda sixties, nyore kushandisa uye nokururamisira tsindirana motokari pane dzakanzi "World". Vakanga ainyanya kushandiswa ouinjiniya Masvomhu. Pakazosvika makore manonwe, paiva microprocessors, uye zvinokwanisika kutanga kugadzirwa "Elektronika NC" uye "Electronics C5" - waifarirwa Micro-kombiyuta. Vane zvakawanda zvave pedyo pachavo kombiyuta, asi chokutanga makombiyuta eSoviet akanga chete kushandiswa pakuburitswa - avo rubatsiro kudzora muitiro, midziyo uye zvichingodaro.

Mukupera manonwe shestnadtsatibitnyh kusunungurwa pakombiyuta makombiyuta rwakatanga muindasitiri pamwero - zvakakwana simba uye chiine. It mhando akadai "Electronics T3-29" uye "Iskra 1256", rakagadzirirwa muchiuto, uyewo nyore mienzaniso - "sepfarivari 226", "Electronics RS-28" uye vamwe. Mukutanga eighties shestnadtsatibitnyh yakavakirwa chete-bhodhi microcomputer uye mwero zviteshi anobudiswa analogs Bonding kadambari hurongwa - DCK.

Mid-masere

Muna USSR anotanga vakawanda kugadzirwa vakawanda-chinangwa makombiyuta dzakadai EU-1840, "Electronics-85," DVK-3, BK-0010 "agati", "Microsha". Computer kuwana nokukurumidza budiriro munyika yedu, uye izvi mberi kusvikira Soviet Union yakadhirika. Pakazosvika mangwanani nineties, yakabereka vakawanda yokutevedzera.

makombiyuta Soviet vaiva siyana nemakirasi uye architectures kusanganisira IBM-inowirirana uye pasina analogues pakati zvose Soviet uye dzimwe bv. Somuenzaniso, "Corvette" - kombiyuta zvachose akasiyana uye "Lions PC-01", "Vector-06C" nevamwe. Kubvira ipapo, imwe nguva pfupi iri nhoroondo wechipfuwo chivakwa kombiyuta paiva zviitiko zvakawanda zvinokosha, riri nani kutaura kuti.

Kiev

Tarisa zvekare. 1948 vakasuwa Feofania nzvimbo, kwete kure guru Ukrainian SSR, muchivande rabhoritari, kwaakanga Rinotarisira Sergey Aleksandrovich Lebedev - Director of Institute of Electrical uye musoro murabhoritari of Institute of Computer Engineering uye nemazvo Mechanics of Academy of Sciences rweUkraine. Zvinonzi pane panguva akasika duku yemagetsi kadambari muchina (SECM). It Lebedev aronga, kururamiswa uye rakatangwa - pasinei Neumann - mirayiridzo inokosha anoita purogiramu yepakombiyuta mudura ndangariro.

Kutanga akasika muchina aiva ndangariro, svomhu dzakabatana, uyewo chiyamuro mano, goho kuzvidzora. Akakwanisa encode uye zvirongwa amatura vanoyeukwa, sezvo nhamba. Aishandisa binary gadziriro encode mirayiro uye nhamba, uye yaibva anoita Masvomhu. Rakanga aienda uye svomhu uye pfungwa zvirongwa. Aifanira kuvaka okuchengetera nenzira hierarchical nenzira. Zvaiva nyore kushandisa nhamba nzira kuti pave kukarukureta. Design, chokugadza debugging rakaitwa makore maviri, chikwata nemanomwe vanhu - wevanamakanika shanu uye gumi vatsvakurudzi. The mimwe dzakaitwa November 1950, uye muna 1951 akatanga dzose oparesheni. Zvakatanga sezvo makombiyuta Soviet.

zvimwe Kiev

1965 - gore pakusikwa muchini ouinjiniya Masvomhu Computer "NYIKA", iro Developers zvakanga vatsvakurudzi kubva Kiev Institute of Cybernetics - Glushkov, Annunciation, Losev, Letinskiy, Pogrebinsky, Molchanov, Rabinovich, Stogniy. Panguva iyoyo yokuti muchina yave chinozoiswa pamusoro mikrokomandnom pamwero zvirongwa mutauro - Almir-65. The kombiyuta akakwanisa kubereka zvimwe zviuru remapazi por wechipiri, mazano uye goho Data kushandisa wemagetsi tapureta kuchengeta ndangariro pamusoro ferrite cores uye kwokunze - pamusoro chibhakera tepi.

Muna 1969 akatanga kubudisa makombiyuta "Mir-2", akamisa imwe nzvimbo muKiev. Zvakazoonekwa ane upgraded womuenzaniso, zvakanga vakavhura nguva kupfuura gumi nokukurumidza pane zvakapfuura. Rakanga zvawanda uye kugara, uye RAM. Zvino makombiyuta kwakanga kwakabatana kuti kuwedzera chibhakera tepi uye tapureta Vector hwakajeka kuratidzwa kuva chiedza chinyoreso rinobva makadhi. mutauro zvirongwa akava muongorori - zvinogona kunzi "muzukuru" Almir-65.

microprocessors

Muna 1974 akasunungura wokutanga microprocessors Soviet - sectional yokutevedzera pamwe firmware kuzvidzora uye four- kana masere digit chikamu. Series K532 Somuenzaniso, akanga dzinoratidzwa pasi simba rakawanda, siyana zvitengeswa voltages uye aimhanya anosvika mazana maviri namakumi mashanu mashandiro por wechipiri.

A K536 dzakatevedzana inoratidza pasi Mari zvigadzirwa, saka haana kukwirira simba rakawanda, asi hakuna kudaro aikurumidza. Inobva K532 Kit pakarepo hexadecimal microcomputers yakapiwa ( "Elektronika NC"), uye K536 aiva hwaro Serial kugadzirwa yokutanga Soviet yezvisikwa Micro-kombiyuta "Electronics C5" hexadecimal zvakare.

bhazi-tai

Yaiva kombiyuta wokutanga weSoviet! Sectional microprocessors vaionekwa vaizotibata nokuti dzinovabvumira kusika kombiyuta muBhaibheri chero zvishoma kudzika masere kusvika matatu navaviri. Kana ichi chakazozivikanwa pachishandiswa chero murayiro hurongwa utariri firmware.

Asi gare gare, pedyo kuguma eighties, microelectronics nokukurumidza yakatanga nezvaanogona dzavo, uye Soviet indasitiri kombiyuta akanga reoriented kune dzimwe analogues makombiyuta. Universal sectional processors vave kusvinwa kuroora Chip yokutevedzera. Zvisinei, kwenguva yakareba akashandisa bhazi-chisungo, kunyanya muchiuto indasitiri.

kombiyuta Soviet

Muna 1977, kudzidza sere ikakuruma chete-Chip microprocessor K580VM80A, yaiva analogue rakazara kwazvo inozivikanwa muenzaniso Intel 8080. processor iri harifaniri kushandiswa nokuti mainframe, yaishandiswa kudzora Micro-makombiyuta, Micro-controllers, peripherals uye nekuyera mitoo - zhinji kushanda munzvimbo. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvakachipa uye nyore, asi nekuti hapana vaverengi mumwe Soviet yemagazini "Radio" kuvaka pamusoro wayo hwaro yekombiyuta musha.

Performance yakanga yakakwirira, ari hurongwa anoraira nokudenga, uye saka akava microprocessor rimwe rakakurumbira USSR. Kuwedzera pachake kombiyuta, akasvika microprocessor nezvimwe mano, saka yechipiri yezana eighties remakore rapfuura, processor ichi rave kushandiswa kusvika zana yokutevedzera motokari Soviet - kombiyuta iri musha, uye kurovedza, uye kwete nyanzvi muenzaniso.

"Electronics-60"

hexadecimal Micro-kombiyuta mukuru-nokukurumidza "Electronics-60" akaberekwa muna 1978. Maererano murayiro gadziriro "Electronics-60" yakamukodzera pamwe Dec PDP-11 / LSI-11 - makombiyuta American. Performance - kusvika miriyoni imwe mashandiro por wechipiri. michina yakadaro zvaishandiswa pakugadzira, kudzora muitiro, kutora nzvimbo CNC uye - Chikurukuru - refu uye akatendeseka basa zvesayenzi uye mupomerwi indasitiri.

Muna 1983, magazini ane mamiriyoni makopi "Radio" yakabudisa mudzidzi kombiyuta zano "Micro 80" pamwe processor K580IK80A, kuti raiva danho rokutanga hombe mudzidzi redhiyo chitandadzo microprocessor uye kombiyuta rwokugadzira. Panguva iyoyo, Soviet pachavo makombiyuta vakakwanisa kushanda chero wokurekodhesa kuchengeta mashoko uye zvirongwa, uye chero TV kuti semupi Monitor.

dzinonakidza chokwadi

Ndizvo achibatsirwa "Electronics-60" muna 1984 Alekseem Pazhitnovym ose kufarira mutambo "Tetris" zvakanyorwa. Kuva mubasa kombiyuta pakati Academy of Sciences of USSR kutaura kuzivikanwa uye nezvimwe zvinetso chakagadzirwa akachenjera, izvozvo rinowanzoshandiswa basa avo dambanemazwi kuti kumhanya imwe pfungwa.

Gare gare, mutambo wakanga kuzodzosera zvakanyorwa nokuda IBM PC mumutauro Turbo Pascal zvirongwa uye akariita nezvitanhatu wechikoro Soviet - Vadim Gerasimov, zvino anogara kuAustralia uye anoshanda pa Google.

Yokudzidza yokutanga Informatics

Munguva eighties, yakazokudziridzwa uye akasunungurwa batch mangé nyore, kuti hunowanikwa yezvisikwa pachavo makombiyuta kumba uye chikoro kushandiswa. Yakanga Chokwadi, shestnadtsatibitnaya "BC-0010 Electronics", apo chidimbu kubva BK akasarudzwa kombiyuta musha. Panguva iyoyo, yakanga isati munyika pachavo makombiyuta ari hexadecimal processors.

Chii chakakosha nezvazvo? ASICs rurefu mwero kusangana - resuwo arrays, waimira sezvo controller kwatinoitwa, keyboard, ndangariro, uye zvakawanda. It anoshandisa mutauro interpretaror "zvatichiri". Akatsigira monochrome mukuru-chisarudzo Graphics uye Four ruvara. Ava motokari yokutanga yakanyatsoiswa kudzidza kombiyuta nesayenzi, uye nokuzvizvarwa zvavo kusvikira 1993 aishanda huru mhuri uye makombiyuta dzidzo muSoviet Union.

Akademgorodok

Novosibirsk vechikoro vave munyaya kombiyuta nechepakati kuSiberia Branch of USSR Academy of Sciences, uye avo zvakananga Kupinda akaonekwa-software marongedzero zvikoro, uye anonzi - "School Girl" nokuti "neagati" kombiyuta pachake. Aishanda ne "Rapier" uye "Robic" zvirongwa mitauro, unosanganisira graphical hurongwa "bakatwa" uye zvakasiyana-siyana Mabhokisi kudzidziswa zvirongwa.

"Neagati" - ari brainchild kubva 1984, vaiona wokutanga Serial PC, Inoenderana Apple II + uye vanomiririra kare chakakura PC RAM ari namakumi maviri navasere kilobyte floppy dhisiki Zvifambiso, uye ruvara tarisisa, kuratidza gumi mavara. Maiva muna 1984, asi plenum Central Committee chisarudzo, pashure iyo vakatanga computerization dzidzo pachikoro.

Watershed gore

Muna 1985, munyika yose vaiona haana kwaidza, kwete kugadzirisa, uye vaisagona asi kubata kombiyuta bhora. iconic womuenzaniso makombiyuta akawanda Soviet yakagadzirwa panguva. Kuumba zvikuru zvinobudirira yemhando shestnadtsatibitnye "Electronics", itsva DVK mienzaniso vakanga inowirirana IBM Soviet makombiyuta. Kunyanya chinoratidza nguva ino trohprotsessornaya "Istra-4816" - kusvika megabytes mana RAM, uye muhomwe karukureta Hexadecimal "Elektronika MK-85".

Asi hazvina kumisa basa uye pamusoro PC, nokuti icho chinoita mano masere-ikakuruma processors. Saka pakanga muenzaniso "nyanzvi", "Ocean-240", "Irisha". Computers vaiva octet. Izvi zvinoreva kuti havana zvakaipa? Kwete Pakati masere womuenzaniso yakanga chete anoshamisa, pasinei nokuti processor iri zvishoma yechinyakare. Somuenzaniso, "Corvette" - kombiyuta chete akanaka.

"Microsha" uye vamwe

The kombiyuta zvikuru mavara uye vociferous pakati Soviet musha pachake motokari - ndiyo masere-ikakuruma "Vector-06C". Zvakare, magazini "Radio" rakabudiswa nematunhu inoverengeka microcomputer "Radio 86RK" nokuti gore 1986 uye muenzaniso uyu nyore kuti pakarepo akawana zvikuru mukurumbira. Akazviratidza analogs, uye dzakasiyana, pakati pavo vakanga wandei izvi, izvo vakagamuchira maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Somuenzaniso, "Microsha" - kombiyuta ine rudo zita ane. "Radio 86RK" kubatanidzwa zvakanaka "Micro-80", saka akaoneka.

Mumwe mukuru PC yokudzidza - "Corvette". The kombiyuta yakanga yakaoma zvikuru uye multi-dzichipfekeka, pasinei kwayo masere wedzeredzei. RAM muduku - chete 257 KB, asi nguva idzodzo zvakanga Vakamupfekedza mufananidzo. Mukuwedzera, ruvara Graphics vane chisarudzo refu zvakakwana - 512h256 pfungwa, Hardware kumhanyisa, mavhidhiyo controller wenyaya, mutsindo jenareta - IBM PC analoginen, Lan, negonzo, joystick,, aidhinda dhisiki nemotokari - ichi zvose uye zvimwe pakutanga envisaged. Pakunaka aiva mudzidzi "Orion-128", uyewo masere-vakasikwa pedyo Moscow redhiyo mudzidzi Vyacheslav Safronov uye shamwari dzake. Muna 1990, ivo yakabudisa kukura "Radio" magazini.

The wokupedzisira chinozunguzirwa

Mid eighties aizivikanwa inoshamisa achamuka mumhuri chivakwa kombiyuta, paiva kuwanda pfungwa yepakutanga akanaka. Zvaiita - maari nechisimba! Asi pane zvakanga. Gorbachev kwakaita Soviet Union uye rapprochement yacho yose upfumi haana kutungamirira nyika kuti kubudirira. Gangaidzo - zvakaitika zvakasiyana. Domestic kombiyuta uye zvemagetsi indasitiri chakarasikirwa zvose mberi kubudirira kwayo.

Paiva hombe kuchinja pamusoro nyaya yagara nderechinyakare uye nyore mhando - YOKOHAMA-enderana. Zvisinei, nyore muenzaniso inowirirana IBM, ari vaberekawo. Asi pachokwadi kukura Soviet matsime ose 1992. Vagadziri All kuitwa chete pose mureza - ngaateme chete IBM-enderana munhu makombiyuta.

zvakawanikwa

On the epamba Hardware akasarudza kutaura mune emakore achangopfuura. Chete pamusoro uipi gutsaruzhinji uye vakaronga upfumi, umo tiri "akasiya zvachose", asi nezvokuti kuMadokero, unyanzvi hwokugadzira chagara zvakanakisisa, asi Russian - Krivorukov uye makombiyuta haagoni kuita.

Asi zvakadaro, chaizvoizvo zvose pamusoro chiratidzo makombiyuta Soviet haina vaiva zvakanakisisa zviitiko. Vakanga chete zvaigara. Kutaura zvazviri, zvemagetsi iri USSR yakatanga zvikuru panguva munyika yose uye nenzira dzakawanda mberi chete bhizimisi kuMadokero, chii chinogona kupupurira zvechiuto uye nzvimbo yedu zvirongwa.