Mhando makarenda: rekare, uye chinokosha

Calendar anowanzonzi hurongwa, kuburikidza izvo zvinoita kusiyanisa aibuda nguva dzimwe nguva, izvo zvinotibatsira kuti streamline hwavo hwose. Chaiva chikuru zhinji, uye vari kwakavakirwa siyana dzemitemo munhoroondo yevanhu makarenda. Munyaya ino, tichakurukura mhando chikuru makarenda uyewo nezvekuva kworudzii chimiro anogona kutora edu iyezvino hurongwa nguva bhuku.

Kwakabva shoko "Calendar"

Asati achipfuura kuti tsananguro zvakananga pachavo nhamba hurongwa mifananidzo, kuti tizive apo shoko rinouya, Kunyora yavo. Shoko rokuti "karenda" etymologically rinobva pashoko rechiito rechiLatin caleo, iyo anoshandura kuti "paridza." Munogonawo, iyo yakava kunobva shoko "karenda", calendarium ichi. The wokupedzisira muRoma yekare inonzi bhuku chikwereti. Caleo anochengetedza kwatiri kuyeuka chokwadi kuti muRoma kutanga pamwedzi neimwe nzira kuparidzwa kwazvo. Kana chikwereti bhuku, mutengo wayo nokuti vose mubereko pamusoro zvikwereti uye zvikwereti muRoma akabhadhara nezuva rokutanga.

Mabviro pakarenda hurongwa

About iyoyo inoyerera imwe siyana, vanhu vakaziva nguva refu nemhaka cyclically inodzokororwa zviitiko uye mananara, riri chaizvo chaizvo. Izvi, somuenzaniso, masikati nousiku, nemwaka, vachishandisa kutenderera muchadenga, uye zvichingodaro. Pahwaro zvavo pakupedzisira vakashanduka akasiyana siyana makarenda. The hweBazi nguva mumwe wavo - rimwe zuva, anosanganisira mumwe Earth yadzo dzichitenderera yayo akabatana. Ipapo rinokosha muchinangwa munhoroondo mwedzi, maitikiro kuchinja izvo anoumba anonzi mwedzi synodic. Ndiye sezvo shoko rechiGiriki "sinodos", iro rinoshandurwa se "convergence". Tiri kutaura convergence nezuva uye mwedzi denga. Uye pakupedzisira, kuchinja kwemwaka mana inopisa gore. zita raro rinobva Greek "Tropos" kureva, "Tendeuka".

Sei siyana vanhu vaigara panyika ino, kune marudzi akasiyana makarenda? Mhinduro iri chokwadi kuti nguva zuva nezuva kutenderera, mwedzi synodic, uye hapana kuwirirana pakati dzinopisa gore kuti inopa navanopinda sarudzo kana rokunyora karenda.

mhando nhatu nekarenda

Pahwaro tsika vanorondedzerwa dzakasiyana vakaedza kuti mukarenda wakakodzera vanhu. Vamwe vavo vakanga kutungamirirwa chete making zvinogara. Saka, pane mwedzi makarenda. Kazhinji, vakanga vaverenga gumi mwedzi, pfungwa chete pamusoro kufamba usiku mwenje, uye regai kuenzanirana mwaka. Vamwe, nekusiyana, ivo Masvomhu akaita chete pahwaro pedenderedzwa mwaka, pasinei mwedzi yayo mutinhimira. Izvi chamuita kuti zuva karenda. Vamwewo kufungwa zvose zvinogara - solar uye muronga. Uye, kuvaka pazuva rokupedzisira, kuedza, nzira imwe kana mumwe, kuwiriranisa vaviri pamwe chete. Vapa pave neveMamwe rezuva-making makarenda.

making karenda

zvino isu dzinokurukura nuances ari ezvinhu kukarukureta nguva yakavakirwa vachingoshandisa inofamba mwedzi. karenda Lunar, sezvo yave akati, inobva mwedzi synodic - kutenderera kusuduruka maitikiro mwedzi kubvira pakugara kwomwedzi kusvikira rejenaguru. Avhareji nguva romwedzi ndiwo mazuva 29,53. Saka, muna vazhinji womudenga karenda mwedzi rinovapo mazuva 29 kana 30. Mugore rino kunyanya inoitwa gumi mwedzi. Saka, zvinoita sokuti Kureba gore anenge 354,36 mazuva. Kazhinji, zvinofanira vakagumisa kusvika 354, apo nguva nenguva Pakusuma munogodorerei gore mazuva 355. Vanoita zvose zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, yakakurumbira Turkish series, apo kwemakore masere azvidavirire achikwakuka makore matatu. Munogonawo, ane nhamba 30/11, anopa imwe Arabic hurongwa, yakaitwa pachishandiswa tsika karenda vaMuslim.

Sezvo making makarenda havana chokuita kufamba kwezuva, zvishoma nezvishoma diverge kwavari nokuda musiyano pamazuva anopfuura gumi pagore. Saka, ichitanga iri gwenya karenda muna '34 unoenderana nemakore 35 muronga. Pasinei inaccuracy kwakadaro, ino rinoungana vanhu vazhinji, kunyanya mukutanga mumatanho okukura, apo ivo vakanga dzinoratidzwa runochengeta mararamiro. Moon nyore runoonekwa mudenga, uye karenda ichi haatarisiri zvikuru akaoma Masvomhu. Over nguva, zvisinei, kana basa zvokurima uye ayo nezvaanogona zvaiva zvishoma - kwakatora mamwe mwedzi zvakaoma mbambo kuti mwaka uye aiita mabasa okurima. Izvi kwakamutsa kukura kwezuva karenda.

Zvakaipira hwemwedzi karenda

Kunze kwokuti pakarenda kunobva zvachose pamusoro womudenga kutenderera, yekudyidzana diverges pamwe achitsva gore, ane mumwe drawback chinokosha. Inoitwa pakuti nokuda kwazvo kunzwisisa muchadenga nguva romwedzi synodic ari dzichichinja. The musiyano iyi inogona kuva maawa matanhatu. Zvinofanira akati kuti pokutangira mwedzi idzva iri womudenga karenda haisi komwedzi, izvo trudnonablyudaemo, uye vanonzi neomeniya - kuwanika kwomwedzi pakunovira. chiitiko ichi kunotevera kwomwedzi pashure 2 kana 3 days. Panguva iyoyowo neomenii kunobva mwaka, nguva romwedzi kuitika uye mucherechedzi wacho nzvimbo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti karenda rinowanikwa panzvimbo imwe, zvichaita zvachose kururama kune imwe nzvimbo. On wose, hapana hurongwa kunobva womudenga zvinogara, usingabviri zvakarurama kuratidza kufamba chaiye usiku mwenje.

rezuva karenda

Calendar History haagoni kuva kwakakwana pasina kutaurwa zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri kutenderera. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti nhasi ndicho chikuru chimiro computation nguva. Zvinonzi inobva achitsva gore, rine mazuva 365,24. Kuti Masvomhu neyakarurama, nguva nenguva akasuma munogodorerei makore, ayo vanounganidza vaunganidza "yemuraudzo" rimwe zuva "mamwe". Pane siyana visokosov hurongwa, kuti muzivise marudzi akawanda makarenda inobva zuva riri papi. Pokutangira kare kunzi zuva Vernal rinenge riine. Saka, mumwe zvinodiwa gwenya karenda ndechokuti rimwe gore chiitiko yakanga pamusi iwoyo.

Wokutanga inofonanira visokosov karenda Julian. Pfungwa yake simba ndechokuti kwemakore 128, akawana imwe zuva, uye haachatauri rinenge riine ukuwo, shure. inaccuracy ichi vakaedza kugadzirisa-siyana. Somuenzaniso, Omar Khayyam akabayira unokosha-gore 33 kutenderera, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva hwaro nekarenda muPezhiya. Gare gare, pazuva chirongwa Papa Gregory akatanga karenda yaGregory, inova huru yevagari karenda evanhu vemazuva ano. Zvinonzi zvakare zvishoma nezvishoma kuwana imwe zuva, asi ichi nguva chinoshanda makore 128 kusvika 3300.

Chimwe kuedza kuvandudza Julian maitiro yakaitwa Milutin Milankovitch. Akakurukura dzinonzi Revised Julian Calendar, ndicho chikanganiso muzuva akanga awana 50 000 nemakore. Izvi zvinoitwa mutemo unokosha pachinhu nemakore venyika (vanogona kunzi munhu munogodorerei gore chete kana weboka kubudikidza 900 muchikamu chasara rinooneka 2 kana 6). Zvakaipira ari Gregorian uye Revised Julian Calendar kana zvavo zvakarurama ndechokuti musi rinenge riine inofambidzana zvinoyangarara, uye tine zvose gore mazuva akasiyana.

Lunar Calendar

Pakupedzisira, tinofanira kubata pakarenda rezuva-making. Chaizvoizvo Its ndiko kuunza pamwe chete kunoita kufamba kwezuva kubva mwedzi sangano. Nokuti ichi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti nguva nenguva idzva gore mwedzi mumwe. Akadana gore rino embolismicheskim. MuGirisi yekare, Bhabhironi, uye mamwe mwedzi mitatu vakanga raitongwa kwemakore masere. kukanganisa kwake mazuva rimwe nehafu nokuda yose-gore masere kumwedzi. Kwenguva kutenderera, sezvo nhoroondo pakarenda anodaro, rakagamuchirwa muna China, kunyange zvazvo aiziva kuti uye muBhabhironi, uye Greece. kukanganisa kwake ndeimwe zuva makore 219.

mhando makarenda

Ikozvino ngatitaurei pamusoro chii mukarenda kusiyana kuripo nhasi. Zviri pamusoro design, kwete pamusoro ezvemuchadenga zvinhu. Saka, vakawanda kwokudiwa nhasi, Notizheft, rusvingo uye muhomwe makarenda uye kukuvara.

karenda patani

Chimwe zita iri mhando bhuku tipografnogo - "imba". Nepo vamwe embodiments angava akasiyana kuvaka uye kusanganisira chemwenje epurasitiki. Izvi kazhinji ndivo musimboti aine rutsigiro mapenzura uye madhipatimendi ose sadza. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti pakarenda dhesiki inovakwa kuitira kuti mwedzi tafura vakanga riri pamapeji siyana kuti vanofanira rakakodzera kwidibira. Pamwe karenda kwavari chaizvo iri pedyo akasiyana-siyana mashoko, kana kungoti zvifananidzo akanaka vanobatanidzwa zvinonyatsorehwa kamuri kugadzirwa. Shandisa zvigadzirwa zvakadaro kazhinji mumahofisi uye iri pedyo iri pakona pakombiyuta. karenda Desk iri kakawanda anoshumira chipo kana chirangaridzo.

karenda Wall

Vazhinji mukicheni pane karenda vasiyana parusvingo, pamukova mufiriji kana mukova. Wall makarenda dzakakurumbira chaizvo nokuti zviri nyore kushandisa, uye avo aesthetic kukosha munguva yedu uvagadzirire inoshamisa kushongedzwa kuti musha. Dzimwe nguva vanenge zvasangana "imba" rwokugadzira. Muchiitiko chino, rusvingo makarenda, sezvinoita mutemo, izvi Albums vanozviitira imwe nyaya. A basa iri, chokwadi, nguva kukarukureta vasare kurutivi rwenzira.

karenda Pocket

Iyi mhando zvichida ndicho munguva yedu. Pocket makarenda vari makadhi diki, rimwe divi chiri, chokwadi, mukarenda ndiro, uye pane dzimwe - vamwe pamufananidzo. Kakawanda, zvigadzirwa izvi vashumire Bookmarks, zvebhizimisi makadhi. Kazhinji vari kushandiswa pakushambadzira zvinangwa. Pocket makarenda - rudzi makadhi munotakura okuwedzera basa. Vanogona nyore kuiswa chikwama chako uye kutakura navo, akatora sezvinodiwa.

kubvarura-kure makarenda

Soviet misodzi-kure karenda avanoziva wose. Kamwe vachiwanikwa munyika dzinenge dzose pamusha, asi ikozvino mukurumbira wavo rawa zvishoma, kunyange zvazvo vachiri zvakajairika. zvigadzirwa izvi vanomiririra bhuku chairo, apo peji imwe neimwe iri dzinounzwa rimwe zuva pagore. Kana izuva idzva, rapfuura peji kure. Saka, zviri inonzi muedzo. Pazuva neizvi divi peji rine zvimwe zvinyorwa. Kazhinji, mumwe nomumwe makarenda izvi ndizvo akazvitsaurira kuna nyaya nezvinhu mukati munhu zvakanaka anodzidzisa kunobva.

karenda chechi

A mashoko mashoma vanofanirawo kunzi karenda kwakadaro chechi, sezvo vazhinji vanouya kuchechi kana kuverenga chechi mabhuku, atarisana hunyambiri maitiro zvokufambidzana. Kutaura zvazviri, pasi karenda Chechi yeOrthodox inotaura zvake Julian karenda. Pfuurei zviuru zviviri apfuura yava kuramba ne-chaicho nguva Astronomical mberi anoda kusvika maviri kwemavhiki. The Catholic Church zano, zvikaguma pakuonekwa karenda yaGregory. Asi Orthodox ari kuchinja haana kugamuchirwa. Chechi yeOrthodox yomuRussia, uye vashoma akazvimirira nevatongi Somuenzaniso, vachiri kuomerera Julian muBhaibheri. Asi vazhinji machechi yeOrthodox munyika ichiri akaenda Revised Julian Calendar, iyo zvino rinobatana pamwe Gregorian.

karenda Church, saka, ane mhando dzinenge nhatu. Mune dzimwe nyika, uyezve, makarenda National dzavo kushandiswa mumakereke. Somuenzaniso, muIjipiti Coptic nguva vakagovera hurongwa. Vane makarenda dzavo uye nemamwe masangano ezvitendero. Anozivikanwa, somuenzaniso, Vedic, muBuddha, kwechiIslam, nevaBaha'i nemamwe masangano wegadziriro nguva.

Vachishandisa Calendar

In mhedziso, mashoko mashoma pamusoro izvo Mayan karenda rekare. Kutaura zvazviri, hazvisi chete asi wose yakasiyana hurongwa nguva. Civil karenda gore panguva Mayan kwaive uye yaiva mazuva 365. Chinangwa charo chikuru chaiva kuti kuronga purazi upenyu. Paivawo kupira karenda, rinonzi Tzolkin. It rinoshandurwa se "kuverenga mazuva". Iye zvishoma kujairika wayo chivako. Somuenzaniso, karenda gore Tzolkin harina 365 uye 260 mazuva. Ekupedzisira vakanga vakakamurwa kuva zvinogara maviri - ane makumi maviri uye trinadtsatidnevny. Days wokutanga akanga zita warwo, uye yechipiri raiva chete Serial nhamba. Vachishandisa nguva kuverengwa maitiro vaisanganisira uye nguva zvakadai Tuna (mazuva 360), katuns (20 tuns) baktuns (20 katuns). Zvaionekwa mukuru panguva 260 katuns. In mashoko kuverengwa gadziriro yaizivikanwa kwatiri ndiwo makore 5125 okuberekwa. December 21, 2012 kwakaguma imwe nguva yakadaro, inonzi wechishanu zuva, uye vakatanga itsva nguva yechitanhatu.