Mikhail Botvinnik: Biography, kubudirira, mapikicha

Mikhail Botvinnik (1911 - 1995) - Munhu mwero, asi munhu wakawoma, vakatsunga kwazvo, akanga yezvakaita hunhu shasha uyo vakakwana pamusoro kwoupenyu hwose. Russian Chess chikoro, raakanga asika - kukunda kwake huru. Munyaya ino isu vachakuudza sei -chinja murume akanga Mikhail Botvinnik. Biography ake hakungoitwi wechesi.

udiki

Kuva muIsraeri 1964, Botvinnik pachake akataura chimwe chinhu chakadai pamusoro wake muduku kwemakore. baba vangu aibva mumusha pedyo Minsk uye farmed. Aiva murume nemeryany chaiko simba. Free kubata nzombe nenyanga uye akadurura pasi. Botvinnik Mihail Moiseevich pachake akafunga kuti zvose nhaka kubva baba vake - uye hunhu uye zvinooneka kuva. The baba vakaenda St. Petersburg kunodzidza pane imwe mazino mukoti. Ikoko vakasangana Serafima Samoilovna Rabinovich, dantistkoy. Vakawanikwa nekuti havana chete nenyanzvi pedyo, asi pamweya - vose muchirongwa 1905 Revolution. Mukoti baba yemberi shasha yakanga yakanaka. Nokukurumidza mhuri duku, iyo kuberekwa ari mwanakomana waIsaka wokutanga, vakatamira chihombe rezuva semikomnatnuyu mufurati musi Nevsky. Mhuri aiva mubiki, governess, murandakadzi. Zvino kwakauya rechi17 gore, apo akanga kuvanda vaenzi. Baba-gore 20 vakasiya mhuri uye akaroorwa zvakare. In muchato aiva nevanasikana vaviri uye amai vakarera vana vake pachake. Asi baba vangu kuvabatsira nemari.

Kujairirana Chess

mukoma Buddy vake, vaigara pachivanze pedyo, mumakore 12 akaratidza Misha, sei kutamba Chess. Panguva ino, Mikhail Botvinnik, kare kuchikoro uye verenga dzenhoroondo zvose mabhuku: Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev. Iye kunyanya aida "Hondo uye Rugare" uye Pushkin. Gare gare, akava Kunyatsoziva mabasa Zoshchenko uye akavada. Gare gare akawana munyori vakatenda maari, kwete chete muna wechesi, asi munhu uyo vazhinji kuzadzisa muupenyu. Asi zvakanga muna 1933. Uye apo Misha kumativi wechesi akadzidza tisingatungamirirwi. Iye zvakanyorwa kemabhuku bato Lasker uye akataura pamusoro pavo. Pano vamwe vakasarudzwa Mikhail Botvinnik mutambo - wechesi.

vabereki mafungiro

Misha akaenda kirabhu wechesi. Asi kana kuudzwa nezvazvo kuna baba vake, ipapo chido mwanakomana kuti Kutaura kuti zvikuru kunaka. Iye chete akafunga yaiva mutambo netsaona akadai nemakadhi. Zvino mai havana kubvuma mabasa aunofarira mwanakomana. Kana kukokwa vakauya mwanakomana wake kubva Stockholm kuti kupinda paine kupikisana kwakadaro akamhanyira chikoro kukumbira varege kurega mwana kunze muna 1926. Asi kuchikoro kwaari mwoyo kubatwa ndyaringo uye Misha yakabudiswa muna Sweden. Kuyananiswa amai uye baba wechesi chinhu chimwe chete: harisi basa, uye mabasa aunofarira. Uye regai kutamba Mikhail Botvinnik vakasagona. Uye murairidzi haana. Kuita zvose pachake. Ndakaverenga mabhuku wechesi, vakaongorora. Kusvikira pakuguma hwake aidavira kuti vose mutambi ane kuita pachake: ongorora, ongorora uye zvakare. Zvakakosha, uye ruzivo mazuva ano hakusi nyore kuwana.

Study, basa uye wechesi

Mikhail Botvinnik mangwanani, apo akanga asati nemakore 16 okuberekwa, sekondari, nechiremwaremwa paricharova National ushasha. Zvinobva zvikuru: Unobata mapfumbamwe, nomwe unoswedera uye mana vakakurirwa. Aiva mudiki mukwikwidzi. Uye pashure chete gore, aigona kushanda uye kunyoresa Polytechnic Institute. Chess mashoma yakarideredza. Asi kudzidza paInstitute, uye gare gare chikoro, Michael rinobatanidzwa mitambo Tournaments. Muna 1933 paNational Championships, kuunganidza kwake simba zvose, iye chinokunda. Mugore iroro munyika machisi kuzorwa S. Flohr unokudzwa kuzochera. Asi zvose West vaidavira kuti mudziviriri Czechoslovakia. Nokuti kukunda iyi Botvinnik akanga paakavapa motokari uye musoro huru mwene USSR.

muchato

Muna '34 aiva shamwari shamwari dzangu muvakidzani patafura. Yaiva kwezvokufuka muduku rima-haired runako Ballerina. Iye akatevera musha wake Mvura inonaya. Kwapera gore, muchato kwakaitika. Happy muchato kwakatora mashanu nemaviri. Gayane Davidovna akachenjera, kana aisakwanisa kuenda mberi nomurume wake mutambo, nguva dzose varumbidzwa kwete mari chero hanya kuti. Iye zano murume wake kuti vatarisire tsinga. Uye paaitaura muenzaniso Galina Ulanova, uyo akauya anoratidza maawa maviri pamberi kutanga uye havana kutaura, akanga akagadzirira.

kukunda dzakawanda

Muna 1936 mutambo muEngland akauya vatambi pamwe anokosha munyika - Euwe, Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine. Botvinnik Capablanka ndokuparadzanisa 1 uye 2 nzvimbo. Muna 1938, bato Botvinnik - Capablanca akahwina mubayiro "Nokuti runako," uye ipapo Mikhail Moiseevich vakarova Alekhine.

Akakunda 3rd nzvimbo. kukunda izvi zvakaita wechesi mutambi kudavira pachavo. At the world Championships Michael akabvuma anoenderana ne Alekhine pachavo, asi hondo yakatanga. makore All hondo GM vakashanda sechinhu zvemagetsi injiniya muna Perm uye zvose Championships ose USSR yave nguva rakava kutanga. Uchisangana Alekhine akanga kumbosiyiwa kuna 1946, asi nyika shasha afa pakarepo. Muna 1948, pakarepo aitungamirira muna World Cup uye achirasa mitambo miviri chete Mikhail Botvinnik. Nyika shasha yaiva nguva yokutanga murume Soviet. Kubvira 1948, akakunda wenyaya World Champion, Botvinnik akarega kuita, uye zororo yakapedza makore matatu. Akanga zvakakomba paaivatambudza zvesayenzi. Muna 1951 aiva miteva mune zvemagetsi mapurani. Izvi vasingagoni asi kukanganisa unhu hwake mutambo gore rino.

nyika Championship

• Muna 1951 mutambo pamwe Davidom Bronshteynom aiva SWEDERA, asi musoro akagara Mihailom Moiseevichem.

• Muna 1954 mutambo pamwe V. Smyslov aivawo kuzochera.
• Muna 1957, akanga asiri mberi Vasiliya Vasilevicha Smyslova, asi muna 1958 imwe rematch kukunda akaenda Botvinnik.
• Muna 1960, akarasikirwa kuna Mihailu Talyu, asi muna 1961 - kamwe zvakare kukunda, uye uchapupu chaizvo.
• Yakanga chete muna 1963, zvakanga mberi Tigran Petrosyan.

Ndizvo makore 15 izvozvo ave undisputed nyika shasha. Mikhail Botvinnik uye ipapo vakaenda kukunda mune dzimwe makwikwi dzakawanda.

ukama Championship

Chokutanga, kubva uyo ose ukama kuva Bronshtein vakanga wakagumiswa nokuti vaita unethically. In muhoro pamberi pechikuva mubhokisi akagara mafeni ake, uye kana iye akava the pawn, ipapo pakarepo anzwa vachirumbidza. Bronstein, zvichiita Kutama, akakurumidza akamhanyira shure pachikuva, wozouya. It melteshenie kutsauswa Botvinnik. Uyezve, Bronstein, KGB mushandi, waiva pamusoro mutambo Alekhine - Botvinnik. Akakurudzira kuti wechesi mutambi kuzivisa Alekhine munhu collaborates pamwe vaNazi, uye kuti anomutorera kwete vachirwa, musoro nyika shasha.

T. Petrosian uyewo tsika, kana kuti uzviise zvinyoronyoro, kururama. Panguva imwe mitambo iye kusimba misikanzwa: kusaina maturo pfungwa mitemo mutambo, ipapo akabvuma, ipapo vakaramba zvakare. Izvi zvaireva chinhu chimwe chete - aida kudhonza tsinga Botvinnik. Asi kana mutambo wakatanga, mafeni Petrosian vasati vapinda nemasitepisi vakatanga wokutinhira kwamakumbo kubvisa pasi, kubva Armenia. Sei sei Botvinnik? Sei kushoora. Iye akataura kuti kana usati wakadururwa nyika dzvene Jerusarema, aizoita kureva kuti "Vanotsigira" kungoita akatsvaira uriri.

nevamwe maitiro

Kusimba nokushingirira, kukwanisa kumisa chinangwa uye pasina kudzongonyedzwa, kutevera naye. The Mamiriro panguva mitambo kazhinji achirwa. Above GM ichi vakashanda sepanyika kurovedza muviri. Zvechokwadi, muna zvikuru mutambo kurwa ukapedza yakawanda simba. Chess mutambi akatenda kuti kana panguva mutambo kupfeka uremu, zvinoreva kuti hakuna wakaisa iri mutambo. Uye kuti varambe vachigamuchira nani dzinonetsa mitambo, nguva dzose kutsigirwa pachako chokoreti.

Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva

Mhuri akararama zvake nemakamuri maviri mufurati. Chaiva vanhu vashanu, kusanganisira nanny kuti mwanasikana wangu. The tafura mumba makanga imwe. It mwana kuita homuweki, uye Mikhail Moiseevich akaisa mumwe chessboard. Uye muna 1951, panguva machisi pamwe Bronstein usiku, kuitira kuvhiringidza kumba, ndakagara uye ndakafunga pamusoro mubato iri yokugezera, uye akamira pamusoro bhodhi pamwe tswanda mbatya.

Somunhu nyanzvi huru unyanzvi (miteva, muzvinadzidzo), akanga zvose varume homuweki akatora pamusoro. maoko Own Somuenzaniso, nokugadzira pombi dzemvura. Kamwe munyika, zvose tsvina, akanga achiita chimwe chinhu zvakanaka. Ndakapfuura muvakidzani, mutevedzeri Brezhnev, uye kuona tsvina yakanyangara Duckling, zvachero: "Zvino uya kwandiri." The kusanzwisisa kwakagadziriswa pavakasangana.

House panzvimbo, zvakatsaurirwa muna 1949, maererano yayo Masvomhu uye vanodhirowa zvakare maoko ake Mikhail Moiseevich akavaka pachangu.

The musha waiva zvachose vane mwero. Aida zvokudya zvakanaka, asi unogona kugutswa chete Buckwheat.

In sayenzi yezvirwere

Murabhoritari, haana kuva tafura. Zvaisava netsaona. Mikhail Moiseevich akafunga kuti chigaro hakuiti kuti tirege uye arega kufunga. Iye nechido makore anenge makumi matatu nezvezvandaifanira kuvaka chirongwa wechesi "Pioneer". Uye iye akunda hondo muCanada iri rakafanana yokumwe.

The musayendisiti vakabvuma uye dambudziko iri paChernobyl. Aidavira kuti simba renyukireya miti zvinofanira kuvakwa chete apo vanhu havana kurarama Far North, somuenzaniso. Asi "pamusoro" Kupindura pfungwa iyi zvizere runyararo.

Pakusikwa wechesi chikoro yeSoviet

Mikhail Botvinnik akasika nzira itsva yokugadzirira makwikwi, akava yokungotaura chokuita wechesi. yepakutanga nepurani yake yokutanga, kana Black anoridza kutanga. Kutarira tenzi New chikuru akatarisa dzinoverengeka zvemo zvigadzirwa. Mikhail Botvinnik zvakare vakaongorora dzidziso uye tsika endgame.

Mikhail Moiseevich airidza upenyu bato uye muna 1202 vaiitawo 59 Tournaments. Vadzidzi vake vaviri vakava nyika vakundi - Anatoly Karpov uye Garry Kasparov.

Details pamusoro gamba ino inogona kuwanikwa mubhuku, rakanyorwa Linder - "Mikhail Botvinnik: upenyu uye mutambo», muverengi, kuti anovhura, anodzidza pamusoro hwake pachake uye zvemitambo kwete chete, asi tichakwanisa kuona uye critiques ose wechesi mitambo.