Misa Erekitironi - zvinodhura uye diki vharafu

Kana offhand kumbira vanhu 100 kuti zita zvitatu zvinozivikanwa zvokutanga nezvimedu, zvinokwanisika kuti havasi vose vachadanwa zvose zvitatu, asi hakuna kukanganwa kudana shasha mukurumbira - Erekitironi. Duku, lightest pakati nokuchengeta akatakura PARTICIPLE, pose pose ... uye, zvinosuruvarisa kuti "akaipa", iye nhengo chero fuma panyika uye ave akafanirwa vavashandire. Name nezvimedu rakatangira muGirisi yekare kubva rechiGiriki rokuti "rinopenya" - zvinhu kuti anodiwa kuti yayo yekare kukwanisa akwezve uye kuyeuka zvinhu zvidiki. Zvadaro, kana kudzidza magetsi akawana mamwe kwakapararira, shoko rokuti "Erekitironi" rava kureva indivisible, uye nokudaro zviduku chairema muripo.

Upenyu husingaperi maerekitironi sechikamu uye mugove nyaya, akapa boka yefizikisi rinotungamirirwa John. Dzh.Tomsonom. Muna 1897 vakanga kuferefeta cathode mwaranzi, rinorondedzerwa se vechokwadi yemagetsi guru-kuti-mutariri, uye takaona kuti reshiyo ichi hakutsamiri pamusoro cathode zvinhu. Danho rinotevera nokuziva yezvakaita Erekitironi vakaita Becquerel muna 1900. Muna kuedza kwake, zvakanga zvakaratidza kuti Radium Beta mwaranzi vari vakatsauka pane wemagetsi munda, uye avo vakawanda-to-mutariri reshiyo akaenzana cathode mwaranzi. Zvakanga kodzero isingakwikwidzwi yokuva hwokuti Erekitironi - ndiye "yakazvimirira chidimbu" zveefa atomu chero fuma. Zvino, muna 1909, Robert Millikan ari kuedza pamwe mumate mafuta kuti vakafa magetsi munda, akakwanisa kuyera zvemagetsi simba iro haaiti simba regiravhiti. Zvadaro zvikazikamwa kukosha zvokutanga, kureva duku, nokuchengeta:

eo = - 1,602176487 (49) * 10-19 Kl.

Izvozvo zvokuti Erekitironi gobvu rakanga dzaona:

ini = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Zvaizoratidza sokuti zvino murayiro zvose pamusoro, asi kwaingova kutanga refu nzira ruzivo yezvakaita Erekitironi.

Kwenguva refu stalemate wefizikisi ine asi kuti nekusimba, asi inoti pacharo zvakawanda-faced maviri yezvakaita Erekitironi: yayo quantum zvemaziso ehupfumi inoratidza PARTICIPLE, uye kuedza pamusoro chipingaidzo pakati Erekitironi matanda ari kufanana makatsemuka hwakaratidzwa chinozunguzirwa hunhu. Nhambo chokwadi vakauya muna 1924, apo yokutanga of Broglie akapa mashoko ose, uye Erekitironi, zvakare, mafungu, zita rake, uye muna 3 years Pauli akapedza paumbwe inokosha Dzidziso quantum hurongwa achirondedzera quantum hunhu inoramba. Zvadaro, dzoro Erwin Schrödinger uye Paul Dirac - kureva mumwe, vakawana equations kutsanangura musimboti wenyika Erekitironi umo Erekitironi mass Planck airamba, asi quantum tsika kunooneka kuzunguzira zvatariswa kuburikidza - kakawanda uye wavelength.

Chokwadi, Unyengeri hwakadini iyi zvokutanga nezvimedu akanga Rwakakura nemigumisiro. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvakava pachena kuti zvinoitwa akasununguka Erekitironi iri pfuma (somuenzaniso - the cathode mwaranzi) - harisi kufanana kuti ari Erekitironi muchimiro magetsi ari sekristaro. Nokuti vakasununguka Erekitironi, vakawanda ayo anonzi ari "guru pakati Erekitironi." The omuzvarirwo pamusoro Erekitironi vakawanda kusiyana pasi ezvinhu akasiyana anotevera kubva chokwadi kuti ayo simba kunobva saturation remagineti nzvimbo umo chinofamba. "Disassembly" kudzika zvinoratidza kuti simba remagineti zvinofamba maerekitironi ari kondakita, asi, kuerera kuitika mune zvokunyama, hakunei kwakakura vebasa vatakuri, uye kurema kwayo. Ukuwo, simba remagineti simba arambe achirema akaenzana arambe achirema pakati kinetic simba kutamira mhosva, asi kukura simba iri chaizvoizvo yakaenzana chichiwedzera guru mhosva vatakuri, inonzi "vakawanda kunobudirira". Analytically zvave kwatemwa kuti zvakawanda pachena Erekitironi guru pane / 2λ nguva, apo mumwe - chinhambwe pakati ndege dzinojata kondakita, λ - kudzika remagineti ganda rukoko.

The Physics pamusoro PARTICIPLE guru pakati Erekitironi mumwe bhuku constants. Biography of Erekitironi haisi pamusoro - nguva dzose zvine uye kudiwa zvidzidzo, apo anoita somunhu dzose mukwikwidzi. It vagara pachena kuti, kunyange zviduku, nyore, uye pasina izvozvo zvose zvakasikwa - kwete chete danho.