Murume Economic - tsanangudzo pfupi. Model zvoupfumi murume

The upfumi maitiro evanhu uye mapoka evanhu pamisika pave kudiwa. Nokuti mari mugumisiro uri mutengesi chinokosha zvikuru nenguva netsika kufanotaura Vhoriyamu kudiwa mune ramangwana uye kuona mazita huru zvingakanganisa nayo. naizvozvo zvakafanira kuti kunzwisisa pfungwa "muenzaniso zvoupfumi murume" uye kuburikidza kuti zvakawanda zveupfumi, zvepfungwa uye magariro zvinhu, kutanga kushandisa ruzivo urwu mune tsika. Vane akakodzera kuti makambani kuita pamusika kudivi wedzerai, uye vanhuwo zvavo, izvo pamwe chete anopa musika kudiwa.

"Homo" -modelirovanie kana ani tiri?

Nezvoupfumi kare kuti sei munhu anoita sarudzo pane kutungamirirwa uye sei kuti ringaronga pokutanga. With kukura pamusika ukama kwakaita kumhuka, uye munhu pachake. Ngationei kuyeuka anozivikanwa mhando "homo".

muenzaniso Human panyaya zvipenyu kana Homo biologicus:

• Homo habilis kana unyanzvi vanhu vakadzidza kuti moto uye kumisa nzira basa;
• Homo erectus, kana akarurama, akamira namakumbo maviri, maoko-vakasununguka;
• Homo sapiens kana Homo sapiens, akawana kukwanisa nekutaura matauriro uye unconventional mafungiro.

Kushanduka vanhu vanobva nzvimbo yebasa uye causal munhu, inonakidza, kana Homo eventus:

• Homo economicus, kana murume ezvoupfumi, kuzvibata chokuita rationality uye kuti vabudirire mukuru kubatsira panyaya dzisina zvoupfumi kupfuma;
• Homo sociologicus kana mumagariro munhu anotsvaka kukurukura nevamwe vanhu uye kufarirwa rayo basa revanhukadzi;
• Homo politicus kana vanhu enyika, unokurudzirwa kuti kusimbisa simba rayo uye kuwana simba tichibatsirwa ehurumende nemasangano;
• Homo religiosus kana vanhu vezvitendero kuti rinotsanangura rutsigiro hwake uye mukuru vavariro "shoko raMwari" uye kutsigirwa wakakwirira simba.

tsanangudzo pfupi pamusoro mhando chiitiko anomiririrwa itsanangudzo mienzaniso inoratidza munhu mamiriro kukoshesa uye rinotsanangura vavariro maitiro ake mune imwe nharaunda - zvoupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, magariro, zvitendero. Mumwe Kunyanya munhu angava munhu "siyana" zvichienderana rinoronga ezvinhu, ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu nayo inoshanda uye chinozivikanwa.

Zvinofadza kuenzanisa vokutanga vaviri chiitiko yokutevedzera vanhu: munhu zvoupfumi ndiye munhu, magariro - iri novimba seboka uye nzanga. World zvinoenderana kune zvinodiwa upfumi murume, izvo zvinoratidzwa mutemo romugove uye kudiwa, uye pasocial munhu pachake zvinoenderana kuti magariro dzinoitwa nenyika, kuti vadzivise kuparadzana wayo kubva muchaunga.

Rationality sezvo hwaro kunyatsoshanda

Modelling kunosanganisira zvimwe zvekungofungira wegadziriro, saka vanhu mamiriro ezveupfumi ane rationality, kuti anogona kusarudza zvakarurama yaida mazwi. Musi rationality womunhu kufurirwa:

• Kuwanikwa mashoko mitengo uye zvemaBhaibheri kugadzirwa;
• ruzivo Human pamusoro dzinokosha parameters vasanangurwa;
• refu azvipire uchenjeri uye zvakakwana kugona kwevanhu mukuzadzika zvoupfumi sarudzo;
• vanhu zvokuita mumamiriro ezvinhu ose akakwana makwikwi.

Nhamba yacho zvekungofungira apa inotungamirira kuti rationality anogona kuva zvitatu mhando:

1. Complete, unosanganisira misoro uchinzwira dzevanhu pamusoro kumusika uye kukwanisa kwayo kuita chisarudzo, kuwana kunonyanyisa vabatsirwe panguva rakadzika mutengo.
2. Limited, zvichireva kushayikwa mashoko kwakakwana uye kushomeka pamwero kugona kwevanhu, somugumisiro, anotsvaka kwete maximize purofiti, asi chete kusangana zvaidiwa kuti vafadze nzira.
3. Organic rationality zvinoomesa muenzaniso upfumi murume nokusuma okuwedzera variables kuti chokuita maitiro ayo: nomutemo, zvetsika nemagariro kurambidzwa, magariro kukura yakasarurwa.

View womunhu sezvo ndaisagona nyaya zvavanoda uye nevavariro kunge wakashanduka-shanduka pamwe kuzvikoro zvemari. Pari zvino pane ina dzinokosha yokutevedzera kwevanhu. Vakasiyana:

1. The mwero abstraction pakati kusiyana mumagariro, mupfungwa, mutsika uye zvimwe zvinhu kwevanhu unhu.
2. The zviri kwezvakatipoteredza kuti ndiye ezvoupfumi uye enyika ezvinhu akapoteredza munhu.

I. The muenzaniso zvoupfumi murume - zvinhu

Pfungwa yokuti "Homo economicus" wakatangwa muna XVIII remakore pasi dzidziso dzekare chikoro British, uye gare gare nayo akatamira kune dzidziso marzhinalistov uye neoclassical. Musimboti muenzaniso iri chokwadi kuti munhu anoedza maximize kuti utility pachavo akatenga zvinhu mukati kupfuma, chikuru mumwe iyo inoshanda kwayo mari. Saka, pakati muenzaniso ndiyo mari uye munhu Kuda vapfume. murume Economic anokwanisa kuongorora zvose zvakanakira mabasa mumwe kukosha uye richibatsira pachavo nekuti pakusarudza kutungamirirwa chete zvavanoda, apo kuramba asina hanya nezvinodiwa nevamwe.

In womuenzaniso ichi, nokushingaira hworatidza pacharo kuti "ruoko chisingaoneki" mumusika raAdhamu Smith. Vanhu vavo zvinhu zvakavakirwa vachingoshandisa udyire: mutengi ruchigona kutenga nhumbi chemhando yepamusoro uye mugadziri - kupa pamusika chigadzirwa kundosangana vade uye kuti zvikuru zvisingabatsiri. Vanhu kuita zvinangwa zvoudyire, achishanda kuti vanhuwo zvakanaka.

II. Model zvoupfumi murume - zvinhu shoma rationality

Followers JM pfungwa Keynes uye institutionalism akabvuma kuti maitiro evanhu hunotifambira kwete chete kutsvaka pfuma, asi vakawanda munzanga uye mupfungwa zvinhu. tsanangudzo pfupi pamusoro muenzaniso rokutanga anotibvumira kuti kugumisa kuti munhu ari pamusoro Muongororo yekutanga kwevari chepiramidhi zvinodiwa Maslow. The muenzaniso wechipiri munhu kunoita kuti dzakakwirira nhanho, achikusiyirai muupenyu zvokunyama rutivi upenyu.

Kutsigira muenzaniso uyu munhu vachingotya zvakanyatsoenzana kunoda yakakwana ruzhinji kupindira.

III. Model zvoupfumi murume - collectivist

The paternalistic Hurongwa apo hurumende anotora basa romufudzi, kwaita kushandura nzvimbo vanhu zvemombe nemakwai, saka anoita murume zvoupfumi. sarudzo yake hakuchisina chete chete dzomunyika zvinhu uye kwokunze ezvinhu. Hurumende akasarudza mugumo womunhu, akatumwa kudzidza kuburikidza kuparadzira kuburikidza achabatanidza chairo kubasa, nezvipiriso chete chaizvo zvinhu uye mabasa. Kushaikwa makwikwi uye kufarira mugumisiro basa kunotungamirira chimiro kusatendeseka, muropa uye kumanikidzwa mutsigiro munhu pajinga kwevari chepiramidhi zvinodiwa, kana uine kugutsikana nezvishoma uye regai kuedza zvakanakisisa.

IV. Model zvoupfumi murume - ane idealist

In womuenzaniso ichi, kunzwa zvoupfumi murume: Dzidziso rationality uye zvinobatsira kwaari kubudikidza prism chemhando pakunamata. Somugumisiro, munhu angava kupfuura mari uye ukuru kugutsikana nebasa ravo, kukosha kwayakaita nokuda vanhu, kunzwisisa kwakaita basa uye pamwero nokuzviremekedza.

Musiyano mukuru kubva yapfuura mienzaniso inoratidza kuti munhu mutsva zvoupfumi, zvakaenzana kufunga uye kunzwa, kuti tanga maererano yayo zvemukati mamiriro.

Pano, munhu ane yakazara zvakawanda zvinodiwa kubva chikuru wefizikisi kusvika yepamusoro mweya, chinonyanya kukosha riri kudiwa kuzvidzora Kuziva. Man - kunzwisisa womuenzaniso, maitiro ayo kunoenderana zvinhu zvakawanda, izvo zvinogona rakafanotaura chete neumwe kukanganisa migove.

Psychological zvinoumba unhu upfumi murume

nyaya All zvoupfumi chokuita sarudzo chomunhu zvekuvaka-shoma pazviruva. Uye sarudzo iri kunetseka kwazvo mupfungwa zvinhu. Achitaura zvakare ichangobva kutaurwa zvinodiwa chepiramidhi, unogona kuona kuti pane basa chisingaoneki zvinhu zvakakodzera dzevanhu. The chepiramidhi ine zvinotevera siyana:

• Wokutanga (inokosha) - vasiri zvinodiwa kuti pokugara, zvokudya uye zvokunwa, kugutsikana pabonde, zororo;
• Wechipiri - kudiwa kuchengeteka pamusoro vasiri uye mupfungwa mukuona, kudavira kuti zvaidiwa mune ramangwana tichagutswa;
• Third - social zvinodiwa: kurarama mukuwirirana munharaunda, kuva chero evanhu boka revanhu;
• Wechina - kudikanwa kuremekedzwa, vabudirire, yavaive nzanga iri kukwaniswa nhandare;
• The wechishanu - mukuziva zvinodiwa kudzidza zvitsva uye nokushandisa ruzivo mune tsika;
• Hwechitanhatu - the aesthetic zvinodiwa maererano, runako uye kuti;
• Wechinomwe - kudiwa yokuzviratidza, izere kuzadziswa nemano avo uye zvinogonekwa.

Man uye Society

Kuratidzwa evanhu pakuderedza mumuitiro evanhu anogona yekudyidzana tinzwe pamusoro upfumi, kutyora zvavaisiita kunzwisisa kudyidzana pakati pomugove uye kudiwa. Somuenzaniso, yakadai chinhu sezvo fashoni muitiro kunosanganisira kubviswa zvimwe zvinhu zviri yepamusoro mutengo siyana, kukanganisa akazodzikama mutengo uye unhu.

Luxury nhumbi dziri nguva dzose ari kudiwa, asi muwane chikamu ichi nhumbi haisi kugutsa zvinodiwa zvinokosha uye kuramba mamiriro wacho, kuwedzera ake nokuzviremekedza.

Murume - pasocial isangano, saka nguva dzose kuita maererano kana zvinofungwa nevamwe. Saka, munyika yanhasi kwaiva socio-zvoupfumi murume, iyo inoita kuti sarudzo iri ezvinhu kupfuma, asi ane ziso dzavo mupfungwa zvinodiwa uye zvinoitwa kwenzanga.

Kuratidza "murume zvoupfumi" muvanhu ano

Funga nezvomuenzaniso upfumi murume, takatsunga mhuri mabasa.

Problem: Ngatitii Economist Ivanova anowana 100 rubles. paawa. Kana ukatenga pamusika chibereko 80 rubles. pa makirogiramu, ipapo unofanira kupedza imwe nguva kuti kupota kumusika kusarudza zvakanaka chigadzirwa uye kumira mumutsetse. The chitoro akatengesa zvibereko hwakanaka uye hapana pamwe nekurutsa, asi panguva mutengo 120 rubles. por kilogram.

Mubvunzo: Panguva chii vhoriyamu zvatengwa Ivanova here kuenda kumusika?

Solution: Ivanov ndiye mukana mutengo nguva yavo. Kana anopedza kuti kushanda muhofisi, muchagamuchira 100 rubles. Ndiko kuti rationally vanopedza ichi awa kwidza pamusoro pamusika, panguva mutengo musiyano pakati mumari vanofanira zvinenge 100 rubles. Saka, mashoko anoratidza vhoriyamu zvatengwa kubudikidza X, kukosha pamhango zvibereko akatengesa pamusoro pamusika, achava:

80X + 100 <120x

40X> 100

X iri> 2.5 makirogiramu.

Mhedziso: The Economist Ivanov rationally kutenga isingadhuri muchero pamusika zvinopfuura 2.5 makirogiramu. Kana uchida kuva diki kwazvo muchero, zvinonyanya kodzera kuwana navo muchitoro.

Modern murume zvakaringana zveupfumi, iye intuitively kana nokungwaririra ibasa mutengo kumativi uye kusarudza kubva zvinotsiva rimwe iro chinokodzera iye mukuru nzira. Panguva iyoyowo, akafambisa zvose zvinobvira zvikonzero: mari, zvemagariro, pfungwa, tsika, uye zvichingodaro ..

Saka, upfumi murume ...

Tinosiyanisa zvinhu maitiro kuri yazvino zvoupfumi murume (EV):

1. pfuma kuti zvinowanikwa EV munogara zvishoma, uye vamwe vavo vari renewable uye vamwe havasi. Resources dzinosanganisira:

• zvechisikigo;
• zvinhu;
• basa;
• nguva;
• ruzivo.

2. EV nguva dzose anosarudza rectilinear batanidza maitiro pamwe variables maviri: zvavanosarudza uye kurambidzwa. Zvaunofarira zviri akaumba pachishandiswa zvinodiwa nevanhu, ake zvido uye zvishuvo, uye zvatisingakwanisi inobva mari iri kurasa wacho mari. Zvinofadza kuti sezvo kukura mikana, zvinodiwa nevanhu uyewo kumukazve.

3. EV ikaona dzimwe sarudzo, anokwanisa kuongorora uye enzanisa navo mumwe.

4. Kana iwe sarudza EV anotungamirirwa bedzi nezvinhu zvavanoda, asi ayo mapazi ose simba inogona kusvika nhengo dzemhuri, shamwari, vadiwa, vane hanya panoonekwa nomunhu anenge akaenzana yake. Zvaanofarira inogona kuumbwa pasi pokudzora yose-siyana, kwete chete mashoko.

5. kudyidzana pakati socio-zvoupfumi vanhu vane zvavanoda Zvinoda fomu zvokutsinhanisa.

6. uchisarudza EV nguva dzose dzakanaka, asi nekuda kupfuma, kusanganisira mashoko, munhu anosarudza inotsiva ake yakakurumbira kune riri zvinobetsera kwaari.

7. EV anogona kuita zvikanganiso, asi kukanganisa kwake zvachero.

Kudzidza zvoupfumi murume, vavariro yake chiito, tsika dzake uye zvaunofarira, uyewo kusarudzwa kurambidzwa aizobvumira unzwisise vanozviti izere vanotongwa zveupfumi ukama. The chikuru ndechokuti vanhu vave zvishoma nomazvo mune zveupfumi nyaya, uye vanokanganisa mashoma, zvakanyatsorongwa kunatsiridza upenyu.