Ndeipi fable: kubva kuAesop kusvikira nhasi

Pakutanga kubva kuvanhu

Mumwe anogona kurwisana kwenguva refu pamusoro pekunyadzisa sevadzidzisi, achitaura kuti vose avo vanovhiringidza nevaya "vanotenga" pamashoko enhema, vose vanotarisa mapenzi uye vanoita zvakaipa. Uye iwe unogona kungotaurira fable pamusoro pekoko nechesi. Muchidimbu, simba uye rakanaka haritauri zvakare.

Nhau duku dzinovaka pamusoro pemhuka dzakabuda munyika kwenguva refu: dzimwe dzadzo dzakava mifananidzo, vamwe - fables. Kwenguva yakareba "baba" venhema iyi yainzi Aesop (inenge yezana remakore rechitanhatu BC), kunyange pane chinhu chakadai seAesopian mutauro (zvinyorwa). Asi kutsvakurudza kutsva kunoratidza kuti fable yakareba ndeyeBhabhironi-Sumerian, uye chete ipapo iyo yeIndia neyekare yechiGiriki yakaonekwa.

Tsanangudzo yemazuva ano

Uye Aesop, achizvidza maitiro evanhu, akashandisa mifananidzo mumifananidzo yake kwete nokuti aiva muranda uye pachena kuti ataure zvaive nengozi, asi nokuti aiziva kuti nhoroondo ndeyepi uye kuti tsika ndeipi yekutsanangura. Kunyange zvakadaro, Aesop akaenda pasi munhoroondo seanyanzvi yezvinyorwa, akachinja mhando dzeveve kubva kune vanhu kusvika kumanyori enhema. Uye shure kwemazana emakore, inenge yese nyaya dzenyaya dzayo dzakashandiswa mubasa rake nedzimwe mbatya.

Uye zvino chinangwa chekudzidzisa chemafari chinoramba chichifanana, ndicho chikonzero ichi chinyorwa chiri chezvinyorwa zvinyorwa, izvo zvinodanwa kudzidzisa, kutsanangura nekudzidzisa. Kumubvunzo chaiwo: "Chii chinonzi fable?" - munhu wezuva ranhasi achapindura kuti iyi ibasa rezvinyorwa zveshoko duku muvhesi kana muprose, apo maitiro evanhu uye sangano ari pachena. Mavhesi emashoko akadaro mhuka nezvimwe zvinhu (munhu anonyanya kushamiswa), zvinoitika kune muverengi zvinowanikwa nekubatsira kwemavara (satire) nekutsoropodza, uye kudzidzisa (pfungwa huru) ndiko kubviswa, kunonzi tsika.

MuRussia zvinhu zvose zvakatanga neAesop

Kana iri muGirisi yekare, makore mazana matanhatu Kristu asati atoziva kuti nhoroondo ndeipi, saka muRussia yakangodzidza nezvazvo mumakore zviuru zviviri. Tsanangudzo yaro semhando yakaiswa pakutanga kwezana re XVII neFedor Gozvinsky paanoshandura festi dzaAesop muchiRussia. Imwe nyanzvi inogona kuwanikwa kare mumabasa eCenemir, Sumarokov, Chemnitzer. Uye zvakadaro zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti zvese mabasa avo ose aingova kushandura uye kugadziriswa kwevamwe mabasa: Aesop imwe chete, uyewo Lafontaine, Gellert uye Lessing. Iye chete Ivan Chemnitzer anoedza kutanga kuumba fable yake, saka Dmitriyev anotora tsika iyi, asi apo Ivan Krylov akatora basa racho, nyika ye mabhuku yakanzwisisa kuti fable inobva papeni rekare. Kusvikira ikozvino, pane pfungwa yokuti Ivan Andreevich anonyengedzwa semhando yakasimudzirwa kune yakakwirira zvokuti inotora mazana ezviuru, kuitira kuti zvakazoitika kuti mumwe munhu ane chimwe chinhu chitsva. Mitsara kubva mumabasa ake yakasimudzirwa kusvika kune mairirisms: kana ukaongorora fable yaKrylov, zvachose munhu, inonyatsojeka kuti iyo yakakura fabulist yezvisiri zvekuRussia yakashandurwa sei mupfungwa dzeRussia, ichiita nharo dzake kuratidza maitiro enyika.

Zviratidzo zvekuongorora

Kuongororwa kwenhema yenhema kunopesana zvikuru kubva pakuongororwa kwemashoko okunyora, sezvo, pasinei nekuvapo kwemazwi, chinhu chikuru mubasa rakadaro inzira dzekuzadzisa chinangwa chekuita. Kuongorora fable, kutanga kwezvose, kunosanganisira pfungwa dzinotevera:

- kusikwa kwefable (munyori, gore rekunyora, ane chirongwa);

- chidimbu (pfungwa huru);

- magamba emufananidzo (positive, negative), sezvinoparidzirwa nemunhu wavo;

- mutauro we fable (yose inyanzvi uye inoreva zvinoreva) ;

- kukosha kweiyo fable;

- kana zviripo muzvinyorwa zvitsvene izvo zvakave zvirevo kana mazwi.